Chapter 15
Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower, and Brussels Sprouts

Link to IPM Elements for kraut cabbage, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower.

Link to New York Cabbage Crop Profile

Link to Production Guide for Organic Cole Crops

Link to Resource Guide for Organic Insect and Disease Management

15.1 Recommended Varieties

Variety selection is important both for the horticultural characteristics specified by the market and the pest resistance profile that will be the foundation of a pest management program. If a field has a known disease history, the Tables below can help to determine which varieties will be more successful in reducing disease problems. Consider the market when choosing varieties, selecting those with some level of disease resistance if possible. This information was obtained from the 2010 Production Guide for Organic Cole Crops (NYS IPM Publication No. 134).

Table 15.1.1 Disease and Insect Resistance of Cabbage

Cabbage Variety 2

Pest Tolerance1
Yellows
Black rot
Tipburn
Thrips2
Fresh-market, Green
Artost (68)
H
H
Atlantis (70)
H
H
-
1
Blue Dynasty (75)
H
H
Blue Lagoon (75)
H
M
Blue Vantage (80)
H
L
H
H
Bobcat (76)
-
-
-
6
Bronco B (78)
-
-
-
3
Brutus 3
-
-
H
L
Caramba (62)
H
-
-
H
Cecile (80)
-
-
-
2
Charmant (65)
H
H
-
L
Cheers (85)
H
H
-
H
Early Thunder (72)
H
M
M
H
Emblem (85)
H
H
H
-
Fast Vantage (59)
Fresco (75)
H
H
-
4-6
Gazelle (70)
H
General (62)
-
-
-
2
Gideon B (83)
H
H
-
2
Golden Dynasty (65)
H
Greenboy (85)
H
T
S
M
Green Cup (78)
H
H
H
H
Headstart (65)
Leopold (80)
H
Lynx (78)
-
-
-
5
Matsumo (80)
H
H
H
3-4
Morris (67)
H
-
-
1
Pacifica (64)
H
H
H
M
Platinum Dynasty (75)
H
H
H
  
Royal Vantage (82)
H
H
H
H
Quick Start (64)
H
S
H
M
Quisor (90)
M
-
M
-
Quisto (89)
H
H
H
-
Ramada (83)
H
H
-
1
Rio Verde3
H
H
-
H
Rocket (62)
H
S
H
H
Rotunda (83)
H
L
Royal Vantage (70)
H
H
Silver Dynasty
H
H
H
Solid Blue 790 (79)
H
M
H
H
Stonehead (67)
H
SuperElite (85)
H
M
H
3
Superstar (85-88)
H
H
H
M
Thunderhead (74)
H
H
H
H
Vantage Point (85)
H
H
H
H
Winner (58)
H

Fresh-market cabbage, Red

Azurro (78)

H
5

Cairo (85)

H
5

Primero (72)

H
5

Red Jewel (75)

-
-
H
-

Rio Grande Red (83)

L
M
Rinda (75)
1
Royale (78)
H
L
H
-
Ruby Perfection (95)
M
M
M
H 3
Super Red 80 (80)
M
H
2
Super Red 90 (90)
H
L
H
-

Savoy Cabbage

Alcosa (62)

H

Atlanta (78)

Bountivoy (84)
H
-
-
-
Clarissa (78)
H
-
H
-

Famosa (70)

-
-
H
-

Miletta (88)

H

Primavoy (98)

Savoy Ace (78-83)
M
-
-
-

Savoy Blue (85)

Savoy Master (87)

SC100 (100)

Taler (85)

Wirosa (110)

H

Storage Cabbage

Amtrak (115)
H
M
H
4
Arena (100)
H
H
H
Balaton
-
2
Bartolo (115)
-
L/M
H
1
Bently (120)
H
Bloktor (112)
H
H
H
Brutus
H
L
Constellation (120)
H
H
Counter (118)
H
H
H
Huron (115)
H
M
-
5
Loughton (115)
H
M/H
-
2
Missouri (120)
5
Multikeeper (86)
H
H
H
Novator (110)
H
H
Ontario (110)
H
2
Rinda (75)
M
H
L
Safekeeper II (98)
H
H
Saratoga
H
5
Seradox (105)
H
L/M
H
2
Shelton (115)
H
Storage #4 (112)
H
L/M
-
1
SuperDane (100)
H
L
H
L
Superstor (112)
H
Topgun (105)
H

Red Storage

Arturo (115)
H
Buscaro (100)
Futurita (110)
S
H
Induro (115)
Lectro (117)
H
2
Rona (115)
M
5
RS 4024
4
RS 6696
4
Vitaro (105)
H
S
H
5

Processing - Kraut and Slaw

Almanac (slaw) (70)
-
-
H
L
Cabton (100)
Cecile (80)
H
L/M
H
2
Deuce (95)
H
S
T
L
Hinova (100)
H
H
H
2
Kaitlan (94)
H
2
Krautman (78)
3-5
Mandy (103)
Megaton (85)
H
2-3
Mentor (90)
H
4
Milestone (85)
Moreton (105)
H
M
T
2-3
Otorino (90)
S
T
L
Padoc (70)
H
S
Rinda (75)
M
H
L
Score (90)
2
SuperDane (100)
H
L
H
L
Superkraut 86
H
H
H
Tobia (87)
H
Trnasam (105)
H
L-M
H
4

1: L = low, M = moderate, and H = high level of tolerance to pest/problem. T=tolerant, S=susceptible.

2: Days to maturity in ( ).

3: from New England Vegetable Management Guide.

Thrips resistance: 1=susceptible, 6=tolerant.

Information from 2010 Production Guide for Organic Cole Crops (NYS IPM Publication no. 134) breeding research by Phillip Griffiths, and seed catalogues.

 

Table 15.1.2 Disease and Insect Resistance of broccoli
Most broccoli varieties tend to be susceptible to black rot
Variety (dth)1
Black Rot
Downy Mildew
Bacterial Head Rot
Cold
Heat3
    
Arcadia (86)
X2
X
X
X
    
Bay Meadows (72)
X
X
    
Belstar (66)o
X
X
S
    
Concord (81)
X
    
Diplomat (68)
X
X
X
    
Emerald Pride (74)
X
X
    
Eureka (76)
X
X
X
   
Everest (61)
X
X
X
    
Fiesta (80)
X
X
X
    
Goliath (55)*
   
Green Magic (60)
X
    
Gypsy (90)
X
X
X
    
Imperial (72)
X
    
Ironman (78)
   
Major (55)
X
X
    
Monaco (66)
X
    
Packman (50)*
   
Patron (73)
X
   
Premium Crop (56)*
X
S
    
Triathlon (76)
X
   
Waltham 29 (55)o*
X
X
    
Windsor (68)
X
X
X
X
    

1Days from transplant to harvest
2X=tolerant or resistant. S=susceptible.
3Harvests in July and early August are high risk for head distortion
*Heritage variety suitable for home garden or farm stand
o Available as organic seed

 

Table 15.1.3. Recommended Brussels sprout varieties

Brussels sprouts tend to be fairly resistant to most diseases but specifics on disease resistance are not available.

Oliver
Jade Cross E
Prince Marvel

Diablo (Tr)
Vancover (Tr)
Rowena (Tr)

Tr = trial                 
   
   

Table 15.1.4. Recommended cauliflower varieties

Most cauliflower varieties tend to be susceptible to black rot. Specific disease resistance information is not available.

Amazing (S,F)
Apex (S,F)
Candid Charm (F)
Cumberland (S,F)
Fremont (S)
Guardian (F, Tr)

Icon (F)
Minuteman (S, F,Tr)
Sentinel (S)
Serrano (F,Tr)
Shasta (F, Tr)
Starbrite Y (F,Tr)

S = spring; F = fall; Tr = trial

More tables for cabbage resistant varieties and broccoli resistant varieties

15.2 Planting Methods

Cabbage

Seed can be planted outdoors relatively early in the spring because germination will occur at soil temperatures as low as 40°F. The optimal range for germination is 45° to 85°F. Planting of fresh-market cabbage usually starts in late April or early May in upstate New York and one to two weeks earlier on Long Island. Most Chinese heading cabbage (Napa) are direct seeded in mid-May for early July harvest.

Cabbage for medium- to long-term storage is usually transplanted to the field in June or early July for mid- to late-fall harvest. Plants four to six weeks old, slightly hardened, with four to five true leaves are best. Transplants for summer plantings are usually grown in field nurseries. For early spring planting, plants are grown in greenhouses where temperatures can be kept above 55°F, or they are shipped from southern states. Transplants may also be used for Chinese heading cabbage. Use a minimum transplant cell size of one-inch diameter. Plants should have a minimum of five true leaves and be grown for no longer than four weeks (including hardening) to avoid checking growth and potential bolting.

Most cabbage in New York is transplanted, but a considerable acreage of the crop grown for late summer or fall harvest is direct seeded. Direct seeding requires greater attention to detail than transplanting, but if the seed is relatively inexpensive, direct seeding is less costly than transplanting. Precision seeders should be used to obtain a uniform, well-spaced stand. Good soil preparation and shallow seed placement (1/2 to 3/4 inch) are necessary for direct seeding to be successful. Timely control of root maggot and flea beetle is especially important in direct-seeded fields.

Broccoli

Planting methods are similar to those for cabbage (above).. Transplants for spring crops are set starting in late April in upstate New York. Fall crops are transplanted from late June through late August. Harvests in July and early August often have unacceptable cull rates from head distortion. Direct seeding can be successful, but stands are at elevated risk of loss to weeds. Direct-seeded fields should be planted 15 to 20 days before transplants are set out if simultaneous crop maturity is desired. Seed size is important for emergence through crusted soils, with fewer than 150,000 seeds/lb having the best success.

Cauliflower

Most cauliflower in New York State is grown for fall harvest with transplants set from mid- to late July. Some growers in cooler areas may have success with spring-planted crops transplanted in early April. Spring planted broccoli and cauliflower are subject to “buttoning”. See Table 15.4.1 for an explanation.

Brussels sprouts

Brussels sprouts are best transplanted beginning in late June.

Table 15.2.1 Recommended spacing.
Crop
Row (inches)
In-row (inches)
Cabbage
Fresh Market
24-36
10-14
Kraut
24-36
18-24
Chinese
Early
3 rows per bed with 12 to 15 inches between plants in a row
Mid
Late
Broccoli1
Field seeded
3-4 rows/bed at 17"
7-10
Transplants
Large head
24-36
8-12
Crown cut (20-25k/ac)
3 rows per 60 in bed
8-12
Cauliflower
34-36
12-18
Brussels Sprouts
34-36
24

1Broccoli head size is very sensitive to population, and the appropriate spacing will vary by variety.
The diameter of large heads is 8-10 in , crown cut is 5 in.

Crop rotation and disease management article

15.3 Fertility
 Maintain a pH of 6.0 to 6.5. A pH above 6.8 may be useful where club root is a problem. See Table 15.3.1 for the recommended rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Boron may be needed on sandy soils with low organic matter or when the pH is <5.5 or near 7.0. Add one to two pounds of boron per acre to the fertilizer. Magnesium may be needed on sandy soils with pH <5.5 that cannot be limed because of rotational considerations. Apply 25 pounds of magnesium per acre in the fertilizer under these conditions. Molybdenum may be deficient at pH <5.5. If the pH will not be raised because of rotational considerations, two to four pounds of sodium or ammonium molybdate per acre may be applied in the fertilizer or irrigation water.

Cornell cover crop decision tool

Cornell article: "Closing the phosphorus cycle on vegetable farms: releasing soil-bound phosphorus to support springtime seedling growth."

Go to Cornell Nutrient Analysis Lab website to find out how to get soil samples tested.

Cornell Soil Health website and manual

SARE Publication: "Building Soils for Better Crops"

SARE publication: "Managing Cover Crops Profitably"

Table 15.3.1 Recommended nutrients based on soil tests.
N pounds/acre
P2O5 pounds/acre
K2O pounds/acre
 Comments
Soil Phosphorus Level
Soil Potassium Level
low
med.
high
low
med.
high
Application for direct seeding
100-120
120
80
40
160
120
60

Total recommended.
40
80
40
0
120
80
20
 Broadcast and disk-in.1
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
 Band place with planter.
20-40
0
0
0
0
0
0
 Sidedress four weeks after seeding.
Application for transplants
100-120
120
80
40
160
120
60

Total recommended.
40
80
40
40
120
80
40
 Broadcast and disk-in.1
40
40
40
0
40
40
20
 Band place with planter or broadcast before planting.
20-40
0
0
0
0
0
0
 Sidedress four weeks after planting.

1: Sidedressed nitrogen can be split into two applications four and eight weeks after seeding or transplanting. Growers with leachable soils may split the necessary nitrogen between planting and two sidedressings and eliminate broadcast applications.

2: If phosphorus level is high, starter solution may provide adequate phosphorus with no additional P2O5 needed.

15.4 Harvesting

Caution: All crucifer crops are sensitive to ethylene in storage. Symptoms include leaf yellowing and abscission.

Cabbage

Fresh-market cabbage is cut with four to five wrapper leaves and is usually packed at 14 to 18 heads per box. Storage cabbage is usually harvested with one to two wrapper leaves and placed directly in pallet bins that hold approximately one ton of cabbage.

Fresh-market cabbage harvest may begin as early as the first week of July and continue through the summer. Storage and kraut harvests begin in mid-October and may continue through November.

Processing (kraut) cabbage is harvested almost entirely by machine, but fresh-market and storage crops are cut by hand because machine harvest damages the head and wrapper leaves. Harvest aids such as conveyer belts that carry cabbage into pallet boxes in the field are frequently used for the large storage cabbage fields. Cabbage that has been handled carefully can be stored for weeks or even months longer than badly bruised cabbage. Bruised cabbage also takes longer to trim and suffers greater product loss. Overmature cabbage will have a shorter storage life than mature or slightly immature cabbage.

See North Carolina post harvest guide for cabbage

See UC Davis post harvest guide for cabbage

Chinese cabbage

This crop will tolerate light frosts. Napa cabbage is harvested when the head is fully developed and firm. Note: the head will never be as firm as standard cabbage.

See UC Davis post harvest guide for cabbage

Broccoli

Broccoli to be sold by the head should be firm, well developed, but not opening. Most varieties are harvested 3 times at 3-4 day intervals. To avoid contamination, do not set boxes on soil during harvest. Leaves are trimmed and heads are sold either individually or by weight. Crown cut broccoli is trimmed ½ to 1 ½ inches below the branches, as specified by the customer. Bunched broccoli is usually trimmed to eight inches in length and two or more heads are banded together. Both cuts are marketed in containers holding 22-23 pounds of broccoli. Cool to 35 degrees or less within four hours of harvest to maintain quality using a water or ice-based system. Cold air cools too slowly and dehydrates. A pound of ice in each box helps maintain temperature and hydration for delivery.

See UC Davis post harvest guide for broccoli

Cauliflower

Harvest cauliflower when curds are tight and compact and still surrounded by healthy wrapper leaves. When wrapper leaves are left on, cauliflower loses its moisture very quickly. Refrigerate at 32°F and 95 percent relative humidity with good ventilation. Under ideal conditions, cauliflower may be stored for four to five weeks. Cauliflower is normally packed in cartons of 12 to 16 heads weighing 25 to 30 pounds.

See UC Davis post harvest guide for cauliflower

Brussels sprouts

Brussels sprouts are harvested when they are about one to two inches in diameter, firm, and with good color. Once stripped from the main stalk, sprouts should be stored at 32°F, with high relative humidity and good air circulation. Under these conditions, sprouts will maintain good quality for up to five weeks. Stored too long, outer leaves become yellow, and texture becomes poor. Brussels sprouts are normally packed in flats or cartons consisting of 16 12-ounce bags. Marketing Brussels sprouts by the stalk is practiced at the retail level.

See UC Davis post harvest guide for brussels sprouts

Storage

Storage facilities should be thoroughly cleaned prior to fall use. All crop debris should be removed and the floors mopped and disinfected. After cleaning, the storage facility should be ventilated to remove all vapors and odors from the cleaning solutions. The floor must be completely dry. Wooden storage boxes are often disinfected to remove pathogens and contaminating organisms that may cause decay. Storage boxes should be treated after use in the summer months prior to fall harvest. Whether or not the storage boxes are treated with a disinfectant, air drying the boxes outside the storage facility during the warm summer months will promote desiccation and death of organisms on them.

See Cornell GAPsNET

See Cornell "Smart Marketing" series.

See USDA grade standards for fresh broccoli, fresh cabbage, fresh brussels sprouts, fresh cauliflower, fresh kale, processed broccoli, processed cabbage, and processed cauliflower

See USDA Agricultural Marketing Service site

See current wholesale prices from US market

SARE Publication: "Marketing Strategies for Farmers and Ranchers"

SARE Publication: "Direct Marketing Resource Guide"

Table 15.4.1 Nonpathogenic disorders.
Crop(s) Disorder Management
Option 		Recommendation
Cabbage Internal tipburn Variety selection, irrigation Tipburn is caused by inadequate supply of calcium in one or more of the leaves. Maintain uniform soil moisture to prevent moisture stress. Some varieties have been shown to be tipburn tolerant.
Cabbage Black petiole Variety selection, fertility Black petiole may be associated with high levels of phosphorus and corresponding low levels of potassium.
Cabbage Pepper spot or black speck Variety selection

Spot or spec may be caused by high rates of fertilizer, cultural conditions promoting vigorous growth, and temperature fluctuations. High rates of potassium have been shown to reduce severity.
Broccoli, Cauliflower Buttoning Transplant size Large or old broccoli plants and those grown at low temperatures (55? to 60?F) are likely to button after field setting. For early spring planting, choose only small, hardy transplants with no more than four to five true leaves.
Cabbage Bolting Variety selection Bolting can occur if the early planted crop is subjected to ten or more continuous days of temperatures between 35? and 50?F. The sensitivity to bolting is variety dependent.
Broccoli Premature flowering Irrigation Premature flowering is usually attributed to periods of hot weather immediately before heads are harvested; however, high temperatures (>90?F) seven to eight weeks after seeding have a greater influence on the tendency to flower than high temperatures the week before harvest. Irrigation during high temperatures could reduce potential loss. See Cornell Report: The heat-sensitive stage of broccoli flower development
 

15.5 Disease Management

| Alternaria leaf spot | Black rot | Black leg | Club root |
| Downy mildew | Fusarium yellows | Head rot |
| Root rot | White mold | Nematode |

SARE Publication: "A Whole-Farm Approach to Managing Pests"

15.5.1 Alternaria leaf spot, Alternaria spp.


See Cornell "Dillard Lab" pictures and information

Organic Alternaria management for crucifers

Ontario, Canada fact sheet on crucifer fungal diseases

Time for concern: Seedling through harvest
Key characteristics: Alternaria species cause distinct brown to black circular spots with concentric rings (target spot).Initial symptoms are pinpoint brown to black spots on leaf or stem surfaces. See References 1 and 2.

Management Option Recommendation
Scouting/thresholds Examine seedbeds and production fields weekly for Alternaria leaf spot. Record the occurrence and severity of Alternaria. No thresholds are available. Be aware of the presence of flea beetles. Research has shown that flea beetles can spread this disease.
Resistant varieties Crown Hybrid, Rolto, and Rona have shown tolerance to this disease. Tables for cabbage resistant varieties and broccoli resistant varieties
Crop rotation

Minimum three years without crucifer crops or cruciferous weeds which include wild mustard and wild radish. Avoid fields where crucifer plant waste has been dumped.Crop rotation and disease management article

Cornell cover crop decision tool

Cornell Forage Species Selection Tool
Site selection Land for seedbeds and late-season crops should not be near those fields used for early-season crops to minimize the movement of pathogens from old to young plants.
Seed selection/treatment Plant treated and/or certified seed. Hot water treatment reduces the inoculum on seeds and is necessary only with infested seed lots. Soak Chinese cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower seed for 20 minutes in 122?F water, 25 minutes for Brussels sprouts and cabbage. This treatment may reduce germination and vigor and may not eradicate the pathogen from heavily infested lots.
Postharvest Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition.
Sanitation See Section 15.4 Storage.

Compound(s)

Cornell article: "General guidelines for managing fungicide resistance"

Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides
In the "Field Use EIQ" column is the range of EIQ (Environmental Impact Quotient) values for the rate range recommended for each pesticide (lower EIQ = lower environmental impact). Other pesticide risk models are useful for specific purposes. WIN-PST is required for some USDA NRCS conservation plans.

Common name
Trade Name 		 Rate/A
Product 		 PHI
(days)		 REI
(hours)		 Field
Use EIQ 		 Comments
azoxystrobin
Quadris F



6.0-15.5 fl oz
0
4
2.3-6.0
 Do not make more than one foliar application of this Group 11 fungicide before alternating with a fungicide that has a different mode of action.
boscalid
Endura 70 WDG
6-9 oz

0
12
6.9-10.4
 Do not make more than 2 applications per season.
chlorothalonil
Bravo Weather Stik
or OLP
6 lb/gal

1.5 pt
7
12
30.3
 Note eye wash requirement and reduced seasonal amounts for shortened reentry interval on label.
copper

Champ Formula 2F  
or OLP 

0.33 - 0.66 pts
0
48
4.8-9.5

Begin spraying after disease detection. Label varies with manufacturer and formulation. Addition of a suitable agricultural spray oil is recommended.

List of copper fungicides
cyprodinil + fludioxonil (dry and snap beans)
† Switch 62.5WG
11-14 oz
7
12
21.8-27.7
   †Switch 62.5 WG consists of Group 9 and 12 fungicides. For Alternaria leaf blight and suppression of Cercospora leaf spot. After 2 applications of Switch 62.5WG, alternate with another fungicide with a different mode of action for two applications
difenoconazole + cyprodinil
Inspire Super
16-20 fl oz
7
12
9.9-12.4
   Inspire Super consists of Groups 3 and 9 fungicides. No more than 2 sequential applications before alternating to a fungicide with a different MOA. Do not apply more than 80 fl oz of product/A/season.
fenamidone

8.2 fl oz
2
12
4.2
 Do not make more than 1 application of this Group 11 fungicide before alternating to a fungicide with a different MOA.
mancozeb
Manzate Pro-Stick or OLP
1.6-2.1 lb
7
24
30.8-40.5
   Supplemental label for Broccoli and Cabbage. Do not apply more than 12.8 lb product/A/Season.
phosphoric acid + chlorothalonil
Catamaran

4 pts
7
12
36.4
 Do not apply more than 40 pts./season of this Group 33 + M5 fungicide.
pyraclostrobin

12-16 oz
0
12
4.1-5.4
 No aerial application in NYS. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications before alternating to a fungicide witha different mode of action.
triflumizole

6-8 fl oz
1
12
3.2-4.3
 Procure 480SC (Group 3) is labeled for Alternaria leaf spot and Powdery mildew only.

† = Not for use in Nassau/Suffolk Counties

OLF = Other Labeled Formulations
Check NYS PIMS (Product, Ingredient, and Manufacturer System) to see if the label is current for New York. SPECIAL NEW YORK RESTRICTIONS MAY APPLY. (http://pims.psur.cornell.edu/)

15.5.2 Black rot, Xanthomonas campestris

See Cornell fact sheet on BR.

See Black rot photo gallery.

See Cornell "Dillard Lab" pictures and information

Organic black rot management on crucifers

Time for concern: Planting through harvest
Key characteristics: Seedlings and older plants exhibit yellow, V-shaped lesions at leaf margins. See References 1, 2, and 3.

Management Option Recommendation
Scouting/thresholds Examine seedbeds, greenhouse transplants, and production fields weekly for black rot. Record the occurrence and severity of black rot. No thresholds have been established.
Resistant varieties

Many varieties have some level of tolerance to black rot. See Recommended Varieties section. Tables for cabbage resistant varieties and brocoli resistant varieties

See Cornell reports on breeding for black rot resistance 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003

Crop rotation

Minimum three years without crucifer crops or cruciferous weeds which include wild radish and wild mustard. Avoid fields where crucifer plant waste has been dumped. Crop rotation and disease management article

Cornell cover crop decision tool

Cornell Forage Species Selection Tool
Site selection Land for seedbeds and late-season crops should not be near those fields used for early-season crops to minimize the movement of pathogens from old to young plants.
Seed selection/treatment Direct field seeding is recommended. Plant treated and/or certified seed. Hot water treatment reduces the bacteria population. Soak broccoli, cauliflower, and Chinese cabbage seed for 20 minutes in 122°F water, 25 minutes for Brussels sprouts and cabbage. This treatment may reduce germination and vigor and may not eradicate the disease from heavily infested lots. Planting clean seed is the most effective means of controlling black rot. Seed can be tested by contacting the Georgia Department of Agriculture, Plant Industry Division, Capital Square, Albany, GA 30344.
Cultivation If disease develops, do not cultivate or spray until foliage is dry. Clean equipment thoroughly after it is used in fields with this disease.
Transplants To avoid the spread of the bacteria, do not clip oversized transplants.
Postharvest Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition. Cabbage harvested with black rot should not be placed into storage.
Sanitation

See Storage section.

Compound(s)

Cornell article: "General guidelines for managing fungicide resistance"

Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides
In the "Field Use EIQ" column is the range of EIQ (Environmental Impact Quotient) values for the rate range recommended for each pesticide (lower EIQ = lower environmental impact). Other pesticide risk models are useful for specific purposes. WIN-PST is required for some USDA NRCS conservation plans.

Common name
Trade Name 		 Rate/A
Product 		 PHI
(days)		 REI
(hours)		 Field
UseEIQ 		 Comments
acibenzolar-S- methyl
Actigard 50WG
0.5-1.0 oz
7
12
0.2-0.5

Apply this Group P1 fungicide preventatively and is only for suppression. Apply in sufficient water to ensure adequate coverage

copper compounds
Champ F  or OLP
0.33-0.66 pt
0
24
4.8-9.5

Label varies with manufacturer and formulation. Copper compounds (M2) are unable to control disease when wet weather is persistant.

List of copper fungicides
OLF = Other Labeled Formulations
Check NYS PIMS (Product, Ingredient, and Manufacturer System) to see if the label is current for New York. SPECIAL NEW YORK RESTRICTIONS MAY APPLY. (http://pims.psur.cornell.edu/)

15.5.3 Black leg, seed decay, Phoma lingam

Organic black leg management for crucifers

Ontario, Canada fact sheet on crucifer fungal diseases

Time for concern: Seed
Key characteristics: Black leg causes dark, sunken cankers at the base of the stem or light brown circular leaf spots. Look for black, speck size, pycnidia on cankers and spots. See References 1 and 2.

Management Option Recommendation
Scouting/thresholds Record the occurrence and severity of black leg. No thresholds are available.
Resistant varieties No resistant varieties are available.
Crop rotation

Minimum four years without crucifer crops or cruciferous weeds which include wild radish and wild mustard. Avoid fields where crucifer plant waste has been dumped.Crop rotation and disease management article

Cornell cover crop decision tool

Cornell Forage Species Selection Tool
Site selection Land for seedbeds and late-season crops should not be near those fields used for early-season crops to minimize the movement of pathogens from old to young plants.
Seed selection/treatment Plant seed treated with captan or thiram. Hot water treatment kills the black leg fungi and is necessary only on infected seed lots. Soak broccoli, cauliflower, and Chinese cabbage seed for 20 minutes in 122°F water, 25 minutes for Brussels sprouts and cabbage. This treatment may reduce germination and vigor and may not eradicate the disease from heavily infested lots.
Postharvest Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition.
Sanitation See Storage section.

Compound(s)

Cornell article: "General guidelines for managing fungicide resistance"

Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides
In the "Field Use EIQ" column is the range of EIQ (Environmental Impact Quotient) values for the rate range recommended for each pesticide (lower EIQ = lower environmental impact). Other pesticide risk models are useful for specific purposes. WIN-PST is required for some USDA NRCS conservation plans.

Common name
Trade Name 		 Rate/A
Product 		 PHI
(days)		 REI
(hours)		 Field
Use EIQ 		 Comments
iprodione
Rovral 4F or OLP
4 lb/gal
2 pt
0
24
20.1
For use on broccoli only. Apply at 2-4 leaf stage. Do not make more than 2 applications per crop (Group 2 fungicide).
pyraclostrobin

12-16 oz
0
12
4.1-5.4
 No aerial application in NYS. Do not make more than 1 application of Cabrio before alternating to a non-Group 11 fungicide with a different mode of action.

Check NYS PIMS (Product, Ingredient, and Manufacturer System) to see if the label is current for New York. SPECIAL NEW YORK RESTRICTIONS MAY APPLY. (http://pims.psur.cornell.edu/)

15.5.4 Clubroot, Plasmodiophora brassicae

See Cornell fact sheet on CR.

Organic clubroot management for crucifers

Ontario, Canada fact sheet on crucifer fungal diseases

Time for concern: Seedling through harvest
Key characteristics: Large spindle-shaped galls appear on roots; yellowing and wilting occurs on the aboveground portion. See References 1 and 2.

Management Option Recommendation
Scouting/thresholds Examine seedbeds and production fields weekly for clubroot. Record the occurrence of clubroot. No thresholds are available.
Resistant varieties No resistant varieties are available.
Crop rotation

The clubbed roots disintegrate and contaminate the soil with resting spores for seven to ten years or longer. Minimum seven years without crucifer crops or cruciferous weeds which include wild mustard and wild radish. Avoid fields where crucifer plant wasted has been dumped. Crop rotation and disease management article

Cornell cover crop decision tool

Cornell Forage Species Selection Tool
Site selection Land should be selected that has not produced cruciferous crops for seven years or longer.
Soil management

Adjust soil pH to 6.8 with ground limestone to manage clubroot. Broadcast and incorporate at least 1500 pounds per acre of hydrated lime at least six weeks before planting. The final pH should be about 7.2. Hydrated lime should be added each year unless the soil pH exceeds 7.5.

SARE Publication: "Building Soils for Better Crops"

SARE publication: "Managing Cover Crops Profitably"
Postharvest Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition.
Sanitation See Storage section.

Compound(s)

Cornell article: "General guidelines for managing fungicide resistance"

Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides
In the "Field Use EIQ" column is the range of EIQ (Environmental Impact Quotient) values for the rate range recommended for each pesticide (lower EIQ = lower environmental impact). Other pesticide risk models are useful for specific purposes. WIN-PST is required for some USDA NRCS conservation plans.

Common name
Trade Name 		 Rate/A
Product 		 PHI
(days)		 REI
(hours)		 Field
Use EIQ 		 Comments
cyazofamid
Ranman 400SC
12.9-25.75 fl oz transplant soil drench or 20 fl oz for soil incorporated
0
12
4.3-8.5
See label for details for this Group 21 fungicide.
PCNB
Blocker 4F or OLP
4 lb/lb
3 pt / 100 gal
-
12
21.9/100 gal
Transplant solution. Use 0.5-0.75 pt of solution per plant.
Blocker 4F or OLP
4 lb/lb
5.67 gal/25 gallons water
-
12
331.8/25 gallons water
 Band application. Apply spray in 25 gallons of water/A as a 12-inch band centered on row and incorporate to a depth of 4-6 inches  immediately prior to planting.
Blocker 4F or OLP
4 lb/lb
7.5 gal/30 gallons water
-
12
438.9/ 30 gallons water
Broadcast application.  Apply as a pre-plant broadcast spray in 30 gallons of water prior to planting. Thoroughly incorporate to a depth of 4-6 inches
OLP - Other Labeled Products
Check NYS PIMS (Product, Ingredient, and Manufacturer System) to see if the label is current for New York. SPECIAL NEW YORK RESTRICTIONS MAY APPLY. (http://pims.psur.cornell.edu/)

15.5.5 Downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica

Organic downy mildew management for crucifers

Ontario, Canada fact sheet on crucifer fungal diseases

Time for concern: Seedling through harvest
Key characteristics: Small, yellow leaf spots turn brown with blue or black lace-like markings. Vascular tissue is discolored. In moist weather, look for white downy mold on leaf underside. See Ref. 1 and 2.

Management Option Recommendation
Scouting/thresholds Record the occurrence and severity of downy mildew. No thresholds have been established.
Resistant varieties No resistant varieties are available.
Crop rotation

Minimum three years without crucifer crops or cruciferous weeds which include wild radish and wild mustard. Avoid fields where crucifer plant waste has been dumped. Crop rotation and disease management article

Cornell cover crop decision tool

Cornell Forage Species Selection Tool
Postharvest Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition.
Sanitation See Storage section.
Site selection and
Seed selection/treatment 		These are not currently viable management options.

Compound(s)

Cornell article: "General guidelines for managing fungicide resistance"

Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides
In the "Field Use EIQ" column is the range of EIQ (Environmental Impact Quotient) values for the rate range recommended for each pesticide (lower EIQ = lower environmental impact). Other pesticide risk models are useful for specific purposes. WIN-PST is required for some USDA NRCS conservation plans.

Common name
Trade Name 		 Rate/A
Product 		 PHI
(days)		 REI
(hours)		 Field
Use EIQ 		 Comments
acibenzolar-S- methyl
Actigard 50WG
0.5-1 oz
7
12
0.2-0.5

Apply this Group P1 fungicide preventatively. Apply in sufficient water to ensure adequate coverage. If DM is present in area, the first application should be made in a tank-mix with another effective fungicide for DM control.

azoxystrobin
Quadris F



6.0-15.5 fl oz
0
4
2.3-6.0
 Do not apply more than one application of Amistar or Quadris before alternating with a fungicide that has a different mode of action. Do not make more than 3 applications of a QoI fungicide per crop year.
chlorothalonil
Bravo Weather Stik or OLP
6 lb/gal

1.5 pt
7
12
30.3
 Note eye wash requirement and reduced seasonal amounts for shortened reentry interval on label.
cyazofamid
Ranman 400SC
2.75 fl oz
0
12
0.9
 Make applications on a 7-10 day schedule when disease first appears. See label regarding addition of surfactants for this Group 21 fungicide.
dimethomorph

Forum SC

 
6 fl oz

See Comments
12
3.9
Group 40 fungicide. PHI = 0 Greens (after dry); 7 Head and stem.
copper compounds

Champ F or OLP

 
0.33-0.67 pt
-
24
5-10

Label varies with manufacturer and formulation.

List of copper fungicides

fenamidon

†Reason 500SC

 
5.5-8.2 fl oz
2
12
2.8-4.2

Do not make more than 1 application of this Group 11 fungicide before alternating with a fungicide with a different mode of action

fluopicolide

3-4 fl oz

2
12
1.9-2.6
 *Presidio (Group 43) must be used in a tank mix with another fungicide with a different MOA. Apply no more than 2 sequential applications of *Presidio before alternating with another effective product with a different MOA. Do not apply more than 12 fl oz product/A/Season.
fosetyl-Al
Aliette WDG
0.8 lb/lb
2-5 lb
3
12
19.2-48.0
Aliette WDG is a Group 33 fungicide.
mancozeb
Manzate Pro-Stick or OLP
1.6-2.1 lb
7
24
30.8-40.5
   Supplemental label for Broccoli and Cabbage. Do not apply more than 12.8 lb product/A/Season.
mefenoxam + chlorothalonil
Ridomil Gold Bravo
1.5 pt
7
48
41.7
 
phosphorous acid
Phostrol, ProPhyt or OLP
2.5-5 pt
0
4
10.3-20.6
Use higher rates and shorter intervals when disease pressure is moderate to high. Read the label –allowed  rates vary between products.
phosphoric acid + chlorothalonil
Catamaran

4 pts
7
12
36.4
 Do not apply more than 40 pts./season of this Group 33 + M5 fungicide.
pyraclostrobin

12-16 oz
0
12
4.1-5.4
 No aerial application in NYS. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications before alternating to a fungicide witha different mode of action.

15.5.6 Fusarium yellows, Fusarium oxysporum

See Cornell fact sheet on FY

See Cornell "Dillard Lab" pictures

Ontario, Canada fact sheet on crucifer fungal diseases

Time for concern: Planting through harvest
Key characteristics: Fusarium yellows causes a sickly, dwarfed, yellow appearance and leaf drop, with vascular tissue browning on affected sides of leaves and plants. Leaves often are twisted, with one-sided yellowing. Oldest leaves are usually affected first. See References 1 and 2.

Management Option Recommendation
Scouting/thresholds Record the occurrence and severity of Fusarium yellows. No thresholds have been established.
Resistant varieties Resistant varieties are the most effective means of controlling this disease. See Section 15.1 Recommended Varieties. Tables for cabbage resistant varieties and broccoli resistant varieties
Crop rotation

Minimum seven years without crucifer crops or cruciferous weeds which include wild radish and wild mustard. Avoid fields where crucifer plant waste has been dumped.Crop rotation and disease management article

Cornell cover crop decision tool

Cornell Forage Species Selection Tool
Site selection Select fields that have not had crucifers for seven years or more.
Postharvest Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to initiate decomposition.
Sanitation See Section15.4 Storage.
Seed selection/treatment This is not a currently viable management option.
Compound(s) No pesticides are available to manage this disease.

15.5.7 Head rot of broccoli, Pseudomonas spp.

See photo gallery of broccoli head rot

Organic head rot management for crucifers

Ontario, Canada fact sheet on crucifer fungal diseases

Time for concern: Heading to harvest
Key characteristics: Head rot begins as water-soaked florets that become malodorous and soft-rotted if head maturation coincides with periods of prolonged, wet weather.

Management Option Recommendation
Scouting/thresholds Tight heads and doming are important horticultural characteristics for lessening bacterial head rot. Record the occurrence and severity of head rot. No thresholds have been established.
Resistant Varieties Shogun, Green Defender, and Pirate are less susceptible to head rot than other varieties but may be lacking in other horticultural qualities. Tables for cabbage resistant varieties and broccoli resistant varieties
Irrigation Avoid excessive irrigation.
Crop rotation

Minimum two years without cruciferous crops or cruciferous weeds which include wild radish and wild mustard.Crop rotation and disease management article

Cornell cover crop decision tool

Cornell Forage Species Selection Tool
Site selection Select land with good air movement and favorable soil moisture.
Postharvest Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition.
Sanitation Clean all tools used during harvest. Avoid entering fields when plants are wet.
Seed selection/treatment This is not a currently viable management option.
Compounds No pesticides are available to manage this disease
 

 

15.5.8 Root rot, caused primarily Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani


Ontario, Canada fact sheet on crucifer fungal diseases

Time for concern:At planting and early growth stages.
Key characteristics: Depending on the time of onset, infection by these organisms may appear as seed decay, seedling damping-off, or root rot. Rhizoctonia infections may also result in wire-stem symptoms as well as foliar blight symptoms on top of the head and the outer leaves. Leaf margins discolor red to purple, and leaves die beginning at the tip and progressing toward the stem. Plants may wilt, and gray-brown lesions may appear on stems and lower leaves at the soil surface. See Reference 2.

Management Option Recommendation
Scouting/thresholds Record the occurrence and severity of root rot. No thresholds have been established.
Resistant varieties No resistant varieties are available.
Crop rotation

Minimum three years out of vegetables. Crop rotation and disease management article

Cornell cover crop decision tool

Cornell article: "Cropping sequences and root health"

Cornell Forage Species Selection Tool
Seed selection/treatment Plant disease-free seed that has been treated with fungicides (Apron or Maxim)
Site selection

Plant on well-drained and light-textured soils.

SARE Publication: "Building Soils for Better Crops"

SARE publication: "Managing Cover Crops Profitably"
Postharvest If tillage system in use permits, crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of inoculum for other plantings and to initiate decomposition.
Sanitation This is not currently a viable management option.

Compound(s)

Cornell article: "General guidelines for managing fungicide resistance"

Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides
In the "Field Use EIQ" column is the range of EIQ (Environmental Impact Quotient) values for the rate range recommended for each pesticide (lower EIQ = lower environmental impact). Other pesticide risk models are useful for specific purposes. WIN-PST is required for some USDA NRCS conservation plans.

Common name
Trade Name 		 Rate/A
Product 		 PHI
(days)		 REI
(hours)		 Field
Use EIQ 		 Comments
azoxystrobin
0.40-0.80 fl oz/1,000 row feet
0
4
0.2-0.3/1000 row feet
A Group 11 fungicide. Use is for Chinese cabbage only for the control of seedling root rot and basal stem rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani
boscalid
Endura 70 WDG
6-9 oz

0
12
6.9-10.4
 For suppression only of Rhizoctonia bottom rot. Do not make more than 2 applications of Endura (Group 7)per season. .
fluopicolide

3-4 fl oz

2
12
1.9-2.6
 Supplemental label for this use. *Presidio (Group 43) must be used in a tank mix with another fungicide with a different MOA. Apply no more than 2 sequential applications of *Presidio before alternating with another effective product with a different MOA. Do not apply more than 12 fl. oz. per A/season. For soilborne diseases caused by Pythium, *Presidio may be injected into irrigation water at the defined application rates or as a soil drench at planting/transplanting.
mefenoxam
0.25-0.5 pt
-
12
2.3-4.3
A Group 4 fungicide. Used for control of Pythium damping-off. Apply as a preplant incorporated (broadcast or band). Apply in water or liquid fertilizer and incorporate in the top 2 inches of soil. For banded application, a 7 inch band is recommended.Do not dip plants in Ridomil solution or crop injury may occur.
PCNB
Blocker 4F or OLP
4 lb/lb
2.8 to 3.75 gallons/50 gal water
-
12
163.9-219.5/50 gal water
A Group 14 fungicide. Broadcast drench application is applied at the time of or immediately after seeding. PCNB is used to control Rhizoctonia wire-stem. .
Blocker 4F or OLP
4 lb/lb
1.9-2.8 gal/35gal water
-
12
111.2-163.9/35 gal water
Row drench application. Spray as an 8-inch band centered on the row at time of or immediately after seeding. .
pyraclostrobin

12-16 oz
0
12
4.1-5.4
 For Rhizoctonia blight. Do not make more than 1 application of Cabrio before alternating to a non-Group 11 fungicide with a different mode of action .
OLF = Other Labeled Formulations

15.5.9 Sclerotinia white mold, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

See Cornell fact sheet on SWM.

Ontario, Canada fact sheet on crucifer fungal diseases

Organic white mold management for crucifers

Time for concern: Head formation through harvest
Key characteristics: Sclerotinia white mold causes bleached water-soaked spots that enlarge to irregular-shaped areas that become covered with white fluffy mold. Look for black sclerotia on and in diseased parts.See References 1, 2, and 4.

Management Option Recommendation
Scouting/thresholds Record the occurrence and severity of Sclerotinia white mold. No thresholds have been established.
Note(s) Avoid mechanical damage to plants. Avoid weedy fields infested with ragweed and velvetleaf.
Resistant varieties No resistant varieties are available.
Crop rotation

Minimum three years without crucifer crops, susceptible weeds (ragweed and velvetleaf), or other susceptible crops, such as beans and carrots. Rotations with nonhosts such as grains and sweet corn are recommended. Avoid fields where crucifer plant waste has been dumped. Crop rotation and disease management article

Cornell cover crop decision tool

Cornell Forage Species Selection Tool
Site selection Select fields with good air and water drainage. Avoid weedy fields.
Postharvest Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible after harvest to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition.
Sanitation See Section 15.4 Storage.
Seed selection/treatment This is not a currently viable management option.
Biological control See Cornell poster: "Biological control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum"

Compound(s)

Cornell article: "General guidelines for managing fungicide resistance"

Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides
In the "Field Use EIQ" column is the range of EIQ (Environmental Impact Quotient) values for the rate range recommended for each pesticide (lower EIQ = lower environmental impact). Other pesticide risk models are useful for specific purposes. WIN-PST is required for some USDA NRCS conservation plans.

Common name
Trade Name 		 Rate/A
Product 		 PHI
(days)		 REI
(hours)		 Field
UseEIQ 		 Comments
boscalid
Endura 70 WDG
6-9 oz

0
12
6.9-10.4
 For control of Sclerotinia stem rot. Do not make more than 2 applications per season.
Coniothyrium minitans
2-4 lbs/50-100 gals water
0
4
0.7-1.4
Apply biofungicide at least 3 months prior to anticipated white mold outbreak. Read label for details of soil application and incorporation which is critical for performance.
Check NYS PIMS (Product, Ingredient, and Manufacturer System) to see if the label is current for New York. SPECIAL NEW YORK RESTRICTIONS MAY APPLY. (http://pims.psur.cornell.edu/)

15.5.10 Sugar beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii

Time for concern: Before planting to seedling

Key characteristics: Symptoms include stunted plants that result in small, loose heads. Roots branch excessively. The appearance of pearly-white, tan, or reddish bodies of female nematodes is common on the root surface. See Reference 2.

Management Option Recommendation
Scouting/thresholds

Record the occurrence of sugar beet cyst nematodes. The damaging level is six to nine eggs per cubic centimeter (cc) of soil.

See article about on-farm method of assessing nematode population

"How to" instructions for soil sampling for nematode bioassays
Resistant Varieties No resistant varieties are available.
Crop rotation

Minimum three years without crucifer crops, beets, or cruciferous weeds which include wild radish and wild mustard. Rotations with nonhosts such as alfalfa and sweet corn are better than rotations with soybean or wheat. Crop rotation and disease management article

Cornell cover crop decision tool

Cornell article: "Cropping sequences and root health"

Cornell Forage Species Selection Tool
Site selection

Choose soil in good tilth, without recent history of beet or cabbage production and /or analyze for the presence of the nematode by collecting a representative soil sample.

SARE Publication: "Building Soils for Better Crops"

SARE publication: "Managing Cover Crops Profitably"
Postharvest Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible after harvest to stop further development of the nematode on the roots and to initiate decomposition.
Sanitation Control weeds in the cabbage and beet families, such as lambsquarter, because they are also hosts to this nematode.

15.6 Insect Management

| Cabbage maggot | Flea beetle | Diamondback moth | Imported cabbageworm |
| Cabbage looper | Aphids | Onion thrips | Swede Midge | Slugs |

SARE Publication: "Manage Insects on Your Farm: A Guide to Ecological Strategies"

SARE Publication: "A Whole-Farm Approach to Managing Pests"

15.6.1 Cabbage root maggot, Delia radicum

See pictures of CRM on cabbage/crucifers
See pictures of CRM life cycle

Penn State CRM fact sheet

Organic CRM management for crucifers

Time for concern: April through July
Key characteristics: The cabbage root maggot is a small, white, legless worm with a blunt end that grows about 1/4 inch in length. Look for brown tunnels in stems and roots.

Management Option Recommendation
Scouting/thresholds A degree-day model to predict the flight periods of cabbage root maggot adults can help growers manage this pest. A detailed description of the flight periods for you area can be obtained through the NYS IPM program's Northeast Weather Association. As a general guide for conditions around Ontario County, adults from the overwintering population first begin to emerge about May 1. After this bring another generation in the middle of August and a final generation in early September. Another general guideline for Ontario County for time of occurrence is to note the flowering period for some wild plants. Research has shown that Yellow Rocket roughly correlates with the first brood adult emergence, Day Lily with the second brood, Canada Thistle and Goldenrod with the third brood, and New England Aster with the fourth brood. Growers may want to apply an insecticide if planting occurs close to an adult peak. Cornell fact sheet: Predicting Cabbage Maggot Flights in New York Using Common Wild Plants
Note(s)

Cabbage maggot eggs can be killed if soil temperatures are above 95?F for several days. During May and June, these temperatures will often be reached unless soil moisture is high due to rains.
Chinese cabbage is often attacked by a bacterial disease, soft rot, caused by the pathogen Erwinia carotovora. While entry of the pathogen can be caused by cultivation and other non-biological factors, cabbage and seedcorn maggots can also be culprits.  Injury first occurs on the white petioles at the base of the plant through an entry wound.  Directed insecticide applications near the base will help prevent entry of the pathogen.  Once infected, the disease will rapidly progress and cause the plants to degrade and smell terribly.  Heavy soils tend to produce more soft rot due to their high water holding capacity compared to sandy, light textured soils; however, it can occur on both.  Suggestions for reducing damage include:  1) grow for a spring/summer crop; 2) grow summer crops on raised beds and trickle irrigation to minimize the presence of free water; 3) carefully monitor for any insect or diseases that may compromise the plant and predispose it to infection by E. carotovora.

Resistant Varieties No resistant varieties are available, but all varieties become more tolerant of injury after seedling stage. Broccoli and cauliflower are more susceptible than cabbage or Brussels sprouts.
Spunbonded row covers Spunbonded row covers can control cabbage maggots. At time of seeding, place in the field and seal the edges to keep cabbage maggots out. The yields of late plantings may be reduced by row covers. It is important to make use of crop rotation when using row covers. Otherwise, flies may emerge under the row covers and damage the crop.
Natural Enemies

Natural enemies can be preserved by using pesticides that are less harmful to them. Use Reference 6 for identification of natural enemies. Bembidion quadrimaculatum, Aleochara bilineata, Trybliographa rapae

Michigan State site "Enhancing Beneficial Insects with Native Plants"

ATTRA publication: "Farmscaping to enhance biological control"
Crop rotation Rotation will help reduce root maggot populations.
Site selection Plants grown in light, sandy soils are more susceptible to injury. Soils with high organic content will be more problematic.
Postharvest Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible after harvest to minimize the spread of cabbage root maggots.
Insecticide Resistance Management

A classification of insecticides based on their mode of action is available in pdf format. This guide can be used to help avoid or delay the development of insecticide resistance, as well as manage populations that have developed resistance to a particular insecticide. It is a large file - 97 page, 780k pdf file 

Shelton, A.M., W.T. Wilsey, and D. M. Soderlund. 2001. Classification of insecticides and acaracides for resistance management.
Sanitation This is not a currently viable management option.

Compound(s)

Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides
In the "Field Use EIQ" column is the range of EIQ (Environmental Impact Quotient) values for the rate range recommended for each pesticide (lower EIQ = lower environmental impact). Other pesticide risk models are useful for specific purposes. WIN-PST is required for some USDA NRCS conservation plans.

Common name
Trade Name 

 Rate/A
Product 		 PHI
(days)		 REI
(hours)		 Field
Use EIQ 		 Comments
chlorantraniliprole
*†Coragen
1.67 lbs/gal
5 fl oz

3
4
1.1
2(ee) Recommendation.  In NYS, do not apply by air and do not apply within 100 ft of a water body. Do not use in Nassau, Suffolk, Kings and Queens Counties. Apply as a water transplant treatment at planting in a minimum of 2 fl oz of solution per transplant.  Do not apply more than 15.4 fl oz of chlorotraniliprole containing products per acre per crop.
chlorpyrifos
*Lorsban 15G
0.15 lb/lb
4.6-9.2 oz/ 1000 ft
 30 (21 for cauliflower)
24 (72 for caulif.)
1.2-2.3/1000 ft
Apply to direct-seeded or transplanted cabbage (see labels for specifics). There has been at least one documented case of resistance to chlorpyrifos in Suffolk County.
*Lorsban Advanced
3.755 lb/gal
1.6-2.75 oz/ 1000 ft
30
24 (72 for caulif.)
1.1-1.9/1000 ft
Apply to direct-seeded cabbage. There has been at least one documented case of resistance to chlorpyrifos in Suffolk county.
diazinon
2-3 qt

---

96
84.5-126.7
Field seedbed use only. Label varies with manufacturer and formulation.
* = Restricted use pesticide.
Check NYS PIMS (Product, Ingredient, and Manufacturer System) to see if the label is current for New York. SPECIAL NEW YORK RESTRICTIONS MAY APPLY. (http://pims.psur.cornell.edu/)

15.6.2 Flea beetle, Phyllotreta striolata and P. cruciferae


See pictures of FB on cabbage/crucifers
See pictures of FB life cycle

Organic striped flea beetle management for crucifers

Time for concern: Cotyledon, seedling, and mature head
Key characteristics: Flea beetles are shiny and black, about 1/16 inch long, and jump when disturbed; they chew tiny holes in foliage.

Management Option Recommendation
Scouting/thresholds

Scout fields two to three times per week, especially during warm, sunny weather when beetles are most active. Thresholds: one beetle per plant at cotyledon or seedling stage since larger populations may kill or stunt plants. Systemic insecticides (e.g. imidacloprid and chlorantraniliprole) can provide longer term control against damage, although beetles may be present when scouting. With foliar sprays, even if good control was achieved, reinfestations can occur rapidly and require additional sprays. No treatment is usually necessary between six leaves and early headfill unless a flush of beetles begin to chew on the cabbage head bound for fresh market.

Resistant varieties No resistant varieties are available. ""Glossy"" varieties are generally much more attractive to the flea beetle.
Natural enemies

The species and effect of natural enemies are not known.

Michigan State site "Enhancing Beneficial Insects with Native Plants"

ATTRA publication: "Farmscaping to enhance biological control"
Spunbonded row covers Spunbonded row covers can control flea beetles. At time of sighting, place in the field and seal the edges to keep flea beetles out. The yields of late plantings may be reduced by row covers.
Insecticide Resistance Management

A classification of insecticides based on their mode of action is available in pdf format. This guide can be used to help avoid or delay the development of insecticide resistance, as well as manage populations that have developed resistance to a particular insecticide. It is a large file - 97 page, 780k pdf file 

Shelton, A.M., W.T. Wilsey, and D. M. Soderlund. 2001. Classification of insecticides and acaracides for resistance management.
Crop rotation,
Site selection,
Postharvest, and
Sanitation 		These are not currently viable management options. Using trap crops (plants grown around fields to prevent pests moving in) is currently being investigated.

Compound(s)

Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides
In the "Field Use EIQ" column is the range of EIQ (Environmental Impact Quotient) values for the rate range recommended for each pesticide (lower EIQ = lower environmental impact). Other pesticide risk models are useful for specific purposes. WIN-PST is required for some USDA NRCS conservation plans.

Common name
Trade Name 

 Rate/A
Product 		 PHI
(days)		 REI
(hours)		 Field
Use EIQ 		 Comments
beta-cyfluthrin
*Baythroid XL
4 lb/gal
2.4-3.2 fl oz
0
12
0.6-0.8
 
bifenthrin
*∆Brigade
or OLP
2  lb/gal
2.1-6.4 fl oz
7
12
1.5-4.5
 
bifentrhin + zeta-cypermethrin

*Hero
1.24 lb/gal

4.0-10.3 fl oz

7
12
1.6-4.1
  
carbaryl
Sevin XLR Plus
4 lb/gal
0.5 qt
3
12
10.0
  
chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin

*†∆Voliam Xpress

1.25 lbs/gal
6.0-9.0 fl oz
3
24
1.4-2.1
In NYS, do not apply by air and do not apply within 100 ft of a water body. Do not use in Nassau, Suffolk, Kings and Queens Counties. May only be applied as a foliar spray. Minimum interval between applications is 5 days.
imidacloprid + cyfluthrin

*Leverage 2.7
2.7 lbs/gal

3.8  fl oz

7
12
2.6
Maximum per season is 19.2 fl oz
lambda-cyhalothrin

*∆Warrior II with Zeon Technology or OLP

2.08 lbs/gal 		1.28-1.92 fl oz 1 24 0.8-1.2  
lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam

*†∆ Endigo ZC

2.06 lbs/gal 		4.0-4.5 fl oz 1 24 11.5-13.0  
thiamethoxam

*†Platinum 75SG

0.75 lb/lb 		1.66-3.67 oz 30 12 2.6-5.7  For soil application only.

*†Actara

0.25 lb/lb 		1.5-3.0 oz See comments 12 0.8-1.6 For foliar application only.  PHI for head and stem Brassica is 0 days; for leafy Brassica greens is 7 days.
zeta-cypermethrin
*Mustang MAX
0.8 lb/gal
2.24-4 fl oz
1
12
0.5-0.9
  
*Restricted use pesticide.
†Not for use in Nassau/Suffolk Counties.
∆ Rate or other application restrictions. See label.
Check NYS PIMS (Product, Ingredient, and Manufacturer System) to see if the label is current for New York. SPECIAL NEW YORK RESTRICTIONS MAY APPLY. (http://pims.psur.cornell.edu/)

See a report of 2001 efficacy trials for OMRI approved (organically approved) materials for crucifer flea beetles

15.6.3 Diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella

See Cornell fact sheet on DBM
See pictures of DBM on cabbage/crucifers
See pictures of DBM life cycle

Organic DBM management for crucifers

See International Working Group on Diamondback Moth website

Time for concern: June 1 through harvest
Key characteristics: Small, round, yellowish white eggs are laid singly or in groups of two or three on leaf undersides or lower stalks. The yellow-green larvae range in size from about 1/16 to 1/4 inch and are distinguished by active wriggling or dropping from the leaf on silk thread when disturbed. See references 1 and 7

Management Option Recommendation
Scouting/thresholds Sample simultaneously with imported cabbageworm and cabbage looper. Examine plants at a minimum of ten randomly selected sites throughout the field. For five acres or less, examine two plants per site (20 plants total); for five to 25 acres, examine four plants per site (40 plants total); for each additional five acres, examine four plants at an additional site. Thresholds are given in Table 15.6.1.
Natural enemies

Natural enemies can reduce DBM populations by greater than 80%. They can be preserved by using pesticides that are less harmful to them. Use Reference 6 or www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/ for identification of natural enemies. Diadegma insulare, Podisus maculiventris, Chrysoperla, Cotesia plutellae, Microplitis plutellae, Diadromus subtilcornis, Trichogramma pretiosum, Trichogramma ostriniae, Pteromalus puparum, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai, Granulosis virus, Zoophthora radicans, Tetrastichus sokoloski, Gelis tenellus, Dibrachys cavus, Habrocytus spp.

Michigan State site "Enhancing Beneficial Insects with Native Plants"

ATTRA publication: "Farmscaping to enhance biological control"
Note(s) Adverse weather conditions will reduce diamondback moth populations.
Resistant varieties No resistant varieties are available. However, varieties have different susceptibilities and should be scouted separately.
Transplants Inspect 100 transplants per shipment for the presence of DBM eggs, larvae, or pupae. No more than 1,000 transplant inspections should be necessary for a given field. If the field is less than five percent infested, then the threat from DBM on transplants is limited. If more than five percent infested, consider rejection of transplants or a cleanup pesticide application using an insecticide from a different class than that used by the transplant grower.
Insecticide use Depending on the source of moths, the insects may be resistant to pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates, and/or Bt products. If control is not satisfactory, check the application method. If still unsatisfactory, contact your local extension agent. He or she will help you determine if resistance has occurred.
Postharvest Plow down crop residues. The diamondback moth does not overwinter in upstate New York, but it may overwinter on Long Island in warm years.
Site selection, Do not plant fields near fields already infested with DBM.
Insecticide Resistance Management

A classification of insecticides based on their mode of action is available in pdf format. This guide can be used to help avoid or delay the development of insecticide resistance, as well as manage populations that have developed resistance to a particular insecticide. It is a large file - 97 page, 780k pdf file 

Shelton, A.M., W.T. Wilsey, and D. M. Soderlund. 2001. Classification of insecticides and acaracides for resistance management.
Crop rotation,  and Sanitation These are not currently viable management options. Using trap crops (plants grown around fields to prevent pests moving in) may provide some help in small plantings.

Compound(s)

Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides
In the "Field Use EIQ" column is the range of EIQ (Environmental Impact Quotient) values for the rate range recommended for each pesticide (lower EIQ = lower environmental impact). Other pesticide risk models are useful for specific purposes. WIN-PST is required for some USDA NRCS conservation plans.

Common name
Trade Name 

 Rate/A
Product 		 PHI
(days)		 REI
(hours)		 Field
Use EIQ 		 Comments
Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai
XenTari
0.5-1 lb
0
4
3.6-7.2
See below.
Agree WG
0.5-2 lb
0
4
3.3-13.3
See below.
Bacillus thuringiensis, var. kurstaki
Biobit XL
1-3 pt
0
4
7.7-23.2
Most effective under warm weather conditions. In locations where the DBM has been documented to be resistant to Bt var. kurstaki, Bt var. aizawai is recommended
Dipel DF
0.5-1 lb
0
4
3.6-7.2
Javelin WG
0.12-1.5 lb
0
4
1.4-17.0
beta-cyfluthrin
*Baythroid XL
1 lb/gal
2.4-3.2 fl oz
0
12
0.6-0.8
Larvae only
bifenthrin
*∆Brigade
or OLP
2  lb/gal
2.1-6.4 fl oz
7
12
1.5-4.5
 
bifenthrin + zeta-cypermethrin

*Hero
1.24 lb/gal

4.0-10.3 fl oz

7
12
1.6-4.1
  
chlorantraniliprole

* †∆ Coragen
1.67 lbs/gal

3.5-5 fl oz
3
4
0.7-1.1
 In NYS, do not apply by air and do not apply within 100 ft of a water body. Do not use in Nassau, Suffolk, Kings and Queens Counties. May be applied to soil at planting or as a foliar spray. Do not apply less that 3.5 fl oz per application per acre. Do not make more than 2 sequential foliar applications without rotating to another insecticide and do not exceed 6 applications per calendar year at the same farm location.
chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin

*†∆ Voliam Xpress

1.25 lbs/gal
6.0-9.0 fl oz
3
24
1.4-2.1
In NYS, do not apply by air and do not apply within 100 ft of a water body. Do not use in Nassau, Suffolk, Kings and Queens Counties. May only be applied as a foliar spray. Minimum interval between applications is 5 days.
emamectin benzoate
2.4-4.8 oz
7
12
0.2-0.4
 Do not apply by air. Allow 3 7 days between applications. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications without rotating to another insecticide.
indoxacarb
Avaunt
0.3 lb/lb
3.5 fl oz
3
12
2.0
Add a wetting agent to improve coverage. Do not apply more than 14 oz per acre per crop. Minimum interval between sprays is 3 days.
lambda-cyhalothrin

*∆Warrior II with Zeon Technology or OLP

2.08 lbs/gal 		1.28-1.92 fl oz 1 24 0.8-1.2  
lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam

*†∆ Endigo ZC

2.06 lbs/gal 		4.0-4.5 fl oz 1 24 11.5-13.0  
methomyl
*Lannate LV
2.4  lb/gal
0.75-3 pt
See notes
48
4.8-19.1
PHI for broccoli, burssels sprouts, and cauliflower is 3 days. PHI for cabbage is 1 day.
permethrin
*Perm-Up 3.2 EC or OLP
3.2 lb/gal
2-4 fl oz
1
12
1.3-2.7
Performs better in cool weather (60°F). In warm weather, apply during the evening or early morning for best results.
spinetoram

Radiant SC
1 lb/gal

5-10 fl oz
1
4
1.0-2.0
 Do not apply more than 34 fl oz/A/crop.
spinosad

Entrust SC
0.2 lb/gal

1.5-4 fl oz
1
4
0.3-0.8
 Do not apply more than 29 fl oz/A/crop.  Do not apply more than 6 times per calendar year.
zeta-cypermethrin      
*Mustang MAX
0.8 lb/gal 		2.24-4 fl oz 1 12
0.5-0.9
  
* Restricted use pesticide.
† Not for use in Nassau/Suffolk Counties.
∆ Rate or other application restrictions. See label.

15.6.4 Imported cabbageworm (ICW), Pieris rapae

See Cornell fact sheet on ICW
See pictures of ICW on cabbage/crucifers
See pictures of ICW life cycle

Organic ICW management for crucifers

Time for concern: June 1 through September 30
Key characteristics: ICW eggs are yellow, bullet-shaped, and stand on end. Larvae are velvety green and sluggish with a light yellow stripe running down their backs. See references 1 and 8

Management Option Recommendation
Scouting/thresholds Sample simultaneously with diamondback moth and cabbage looper. Examine plants at a minimum of ten randomly selected sites throughout the field. For five acres or less, examine two plants per site (20 plants total); for five to 25 acres, examine four plants per site (40 plants total); for each additional five acres, examine four plants at an additional site. Thresholds are given in Table 15.6.1.
Natural Enemies

Natural enemies can reduce ICW populations by 40%. They can be preserved by using pesticides that are less harmful to them. Use Reference 6 or www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/ for identification of natural enemies. Trichogramma evanescens

Michigan State site "Enhancing Beneficial Insects with Native Plants"

ATTRA publication: "Farmscaping to enhance biological control"
Resistant varieties No resistant varieties are available. However, varieties have different susceptibilities and should be scouted separately.
Postharvest Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible after harvest to minimize the spread of imported cabbageworms to other plantings.
Insecticide Resistance Management

A classification of insecticides based on their mode of action is available in pdf format. This guide can be used to help avoid or delay the development of insecticide resistance, as well as manage populations that have developed resistance to a particular insecticide. It is a large file - 97 page, 780k pdf file 

Shelton, A.M., W.T. Wilsey, and D. M. Soderlund. 2001. Classification of insecticides and acaracides for resistance management.
Crop rotation, Site selection, and Sanitation These are not currently viable management options. Using trap crops (plants grown around fields to prevent pests moving in) may provide some help in small plantings.

Compound(s)

Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides
In the "Field Use EIQ" column is the range of EIQ (Environmental Impact Quotient) values for the rate range recommended for each pesticide (lower EIQ = lower environmental impact). Other pesticide risk models are useful for specific purposes. WIN-PST is required for some USDA NRCS conservation plans.

Common name
Trade Name 

 Rate/A
Product 		 PHI
(days)		 REI
(hours)		 Field
Use EIQ 		 Comments
Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai
XenTari
0.5-1 lb
0
4
3.6-7.2
See below.
Agree WG
0.5-2 lb
0
4
3.3-13.3
See below.
Bacillus thuringiensis, var. kurstaki
Biobit XL
1-3 pt
0
4
7.7-23.2
Most effective under warm weather conditions. During the early part of the season, Bt’s should be emphasized because they allow natural enemy populations to survive and exert some level of control on the pest population. Alternate with another recommended insecticide for management of thrips.
Dipel DF
0.5-1 lb
0
4
3.6-7.2
Javelin WG
0.12-1.5 lb
0
4
1.4-17.0
beta-cyfluthrin
*Baythroid XL
1 lb/gal
1.6-2.4 fl oz
0
12
0.4-0.6
 
bifenthrin
*∆Brigade
or OLP
2  lb/gal
2.1-6.4 fl oz
7
12
1.5-4.5
bifentrhin + zeta-cypermethrin

*Hero
1.24 lb/gal

4.0-10.3 fl oz

7
12
1.6-4.1
  
chlorantraniliprole

*†∆ Coragen

1.67 lbs/gal

3.5-5 fl oz
3
4
0.7-1.1
 In NYS, do not apply by air and do not apply within 100 ft of a water body. Do not use in Nassau, Suffolk, Kings and Queens Counties. May be applied to soil at planting or as a foliar spray. Do not apply less that 3.5 fl oz per application per acre. Do not make more than 2 sequential foliar applications without rotating to another insecticide and do not exceed 6 applications per calendar year at the same farm location.
chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin

*†∆ Voliam Xpress

1.25 lbs/gal
5.0-8.0 fl oz
3
24
1.4-1.9
In NYS, do not apply by air and do not apply within 100 ft of a water body. Do not use in Nassau, Suffolk, Kings and Queens Counties. May only be applied as a foliar spray. Minimum interval between applications is 5 days.
emamectin benzoate
*∆ Proclaim 5WDG
2.4-4.8 oz
7
12
0.2-0.4
 Do not apply by air. Allow 3 7 days between applications. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications without rotating to another insecticide.
endosulfan
*Thionex 3 EC
3 lb/gal
1-1-1/3 qt
See comments
96
26.0-34.7
PHI for Brussels sprouts and cauliflower is 14 days. PHI for broccoli and cabbage is 7 days.
esfenvalerate
*Asana XL
0.66 lb/gal
2.9 fl oz
3
12
0.6
imidacloprid + cyfluthrin

*Leverage 2.7
2.7 lbs/gal

3.8  fl oz

7
12
2.6
Maximum per season is 19.2 fl oz
indoxacarb
Avaunt
0.3 lb/lb
2.5-3.5 fl oz
3
12
1.5-2.0
Add a wetting agent to improve coverage. Do not apply more than 14 oz per acre per crop. Minimum interval between sprays is 3 days
lambda-cyhalothrin

*∆ Warrior II with Zeon Technology or OLP

2.08 lbs/gal 		0.96-1.60 fl oz 1 24 0.6-1.0  
lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam

*†∆ Endigo ZC

2.06 lbs/gal 		4.0 fl oz 1 24 11.5  
methomyl
*Lannate LV
2.4  lb/gal
0.75-3 pt
See comments
48
4.8-19.1
REI for broccoli, Burssels sprouts, and cauliflower = 3 days. REI for cabbage = 1 day.
permethrin
*Perm-Up 3.2 EC or OLP
3.2 lb/gal
2-4 fl oz
1
12
1.3-2.7
 Performs better in cool weather (60F). In warm weather, apply during the evening or early morning for best results.
spinetoram

Radiant SC
1 lb/gal

5-10 fl oz
1
4
1.0-2.0
 Do not apply more than 34 fl oz/A/crop.
spinosad

Entrust SC
0.2 lb/gal

3-6 fl oz
1
4
0.6-1.2
 Do not apply more than 29 fl oz/A/crop.  Do not make more than 6 applications per calendar year.
zeta-cypermethrin
*Mustang MAX
0.8 lb/gal 		2.24-4 fl oz 1 12
0.5-0.9
* Restricted use pesticide.
† Not for use in Nassau/Suffolk Counties.
∆ Rate or other application restrictions. See label.

Check NYS PIMS (Product, Ingredient, and Manufacturer System) to see if the label is current for New York. SPECIAL NEW YORK RESTRICTIONS MAY APPLY. (http://pims.psur.cornell.edu/)

 

15.6.5 Cabbage looper (CL), Trichoplusia ni

See Cornell fact sheet on CL
See pictures of CL on cabbage/crucifers
See pictures of CL life cycle

Organic CL management for crucifers

Time for concern: August 1 through harvest
Key characteristics : White, round eggs the size of a pinhead are laid on the undersides of leaves. Larvae are light green with white strips along each side of the body. They may reach 1 1/2 inches in length. See References 1, 9, and 10.

Management Option Recommendation
Scouting/thresholds Sample simultaneously with diamondback moth and imported cabbageworm. Examine plants at a minimum of ten randomly selected sites throughout the field. For five acres or less, examine two plants per site (20 plants total); for five to 25 acres, examine four plants per site (40 plants total); for each additional five acres, examine four plants at an additional site. Thresholds are given in Table 15.6.1.
Natural enemies

Natural enemies may help to control CL populations. They can be preserved by using insecticides that are less harmful to them. Use Reference 6 or www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/ for identification of natural enemies. Hyposoter exigua, Litomastix, Geocoris spp., nuclear polyhedrosis virus, Podisus maculiventris, Chrysoperla, Trichogramma pretiosum, Trichogramma ostriniae, Trichogramma exiguum, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, Granulosis virus, Perillus bioculatus, Cotesia marginiventrus, Copidosoma floridanum, Phryxe vulgaris, Voria ruralis, Wintemia quadripustulata, Nomuraea rileyi, Vairimorpha necatrix

Michigan State site "Enhancing Beneficial Insects with Native Plants"

ATTRA publication: "Farmscaping to enhance biological control"
Note(s) Adverse weather conditions will reduce cabbage looper populations.
Resistant varieties No resistant varieties are available. However, varieties have different susceptibilities and should be scouted separately.
Insecticide Resistance Management

A classification of insecticides based on their mode of action is available in pdf format. This guide can be used to help avoid or delay the development of insecticide resistance, as well as manage populations that have developed resistance to a particular insecticide. It is a large file - 97 page, 780k pdf file 

Shelton, A.M., W.T. Wilsey, and D. M. Soderlund. 2001. Classification of insecticides and acaracides for resistance management.
Crop rotation, Site selection, Postharvest, and Sanitation These are not currently viable management options.

Compound(s)

Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides
In the "Field Use EIQ" column is the range of EIQ (Environmental Impact Quotient) values for the rate range recommended for each pesticide (lower EIQ = lower environmental impact). Other pesticide risk models are useful for specific purposes. WIN-PST is required for some USDA NRCS conservation plans.

Common name
Trade Name 		 Rate/A
Product 		 PHI
(days)		 REI
(hours)		 Field
Use EIQ 		 Comments
Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai
XenTari
0.5-1 lb
0
4
3.6-7.2
See below.
Agree WG
0.5-2 lb
0
4
3.3-13.3
See below.
Bacillus thuringiensis, var. kurstaki
Biobit XL
1-3 pt
0
4
7.7-23.2
Most effective under warm weather conditions. During the early part of the season, Bt’s should be emphasized because they allow natural enemy populations to survive and exert some level of control on the pest population.
Dipel DF
0.5-1 lb
0
4
3.6-7.2
Javelin WG
0.12-1.5 lb
0
4
1.4-17.0
beta-cyfluthrin
*Baythroid XL
1 lb/gal
1.6-2.4 fl oz
0
12
0.4-0.6
 
bifenthrin
*∆ Brigade
or OLP
2  lb/gal
2.1-6.4 fl oz
7
12
1.5-4.5
bifentrhin + zeta-cypermethrin

*Hero
1.24 lb/gal

4.0-10.3 fl oz

7
12
1.6-4.1
  
chlorantraniliprole

* †∆ Coragen
1.67 lbs/gal

3.5-5 fl oz
3
4
0.7-1.1
 In NYS, do not apply by air and do not apply within 100 ft of a water body. Do not use in Nassau, Suffolk, Kings and Queens Counties. May be applied to soil at planting or as a foliar spray. Do not apply less that 3.5 fl oz per application per acre. Do not make more than 2 sequential foliar applications without rotating to another insecticide and do not exceed 6 applications per calendar year at the same farm location
chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin

*†∆ Voliam Xpress

1.25 lbs/gal
5.0-8.0 fl oz
3
24
1.4-1.9
In NYS, do not apply by air and do not apply within 100 ft of a water body. Do not use in Nassau, Suffolk, Kings and Queens Counties. May only be applied as a foliar spray. Minimum interval between applications is 5 days.
emamectin benzoate
*∆ Proclaim 5WDG
3.2-4.6 oz
7
12
0.3-0.4
 Do not apply by air. Allow > 7 days between applications. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications without rotating to another insecticide.
esfenvalerate
*Asana XL
0.66 lb/gal
2.9-9.6 fl oz
3
12
0.6-2.0
imidacloprid + cyfluthrin

*Leverage 2.7
2.7 lbs/gal

3.8  fl oz

7
12
2.6
Maximum per season is 19.2 fl oz
indoxacarb

Avaunt
0.3 lb/lb

 

2.5-3.5 fl oz
3
12
1.5-2.0
Add a wetting agent to improve coverage. Do not apply more tan 14 oz per acre per crop. Minimum interval between sprays is 3 days
lambda-cyhalothrin

*∆ Warrior II with Zeon Technology or OLP

2.08 lbs/gal 		0.96-1.6 fl oz 1 24 0.6-1.0  
lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam

*†∆ Endigo ZC

2.06 lbs/gal 		4.0 fl oz 1 24 11.5  
methomyl
*Lannate LV
2.4lb/gal
0.75-3 pt
See comments
48
4.8-19.1
PHI for broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower is 3 days. PHI for cabbage is 1 day.
permethrin
*Perm-Up 3.2 EC or OLP
3.2 lb/gal
2-4 fl oz
1
12
1.3-2.7
 Performs better in cool weather (60F). In warm weather, apply during the evening or early morning for best results.
spinetoram

Radiant SC
1 lb/gal

5-10 fl oz
1
4
1.0-2.0
 Do not apply more than 34 fl oz/A/crop.
spinosad

Entrust SC
0.2 lb/gal

3-6 fl oz
1
4
0.6-1.2
 Do not apply more than 29 fl oz/A/crop.  Do not make more than 6 applications per calendar year.
zeta-cypermethrin
*Mustang MAX
0.8 lb/gal 		3.2-4 fl oz 1 12
0.7-0.9

* Restricted use pesticide.
† Not for use in Nassau/Suffolk Counties.
∆ Rate or other application restrictions. See label.
Check NYS PIMS (Product, Ingredient, and Manufacturer System) to see if the label is current for New York. SPECIAL NEW YORK RESTRICTIONS MAY APPLY. (http://pims.psur.cornell.edu/)
Table 15.6.1 Diamondback moth, imported cabbageworm, and cabbage looper thresholds for cabbage and cauliflower.
% Cabbage plants infested
% Cauliflower plants infested
Kraut
Storage
Fresh
Storage
Seedling (cotyledon)
20
20
20
20
Early vegetative to cupping
30
30
30
30
Early head to harvest
30
15
5
-
Curd initiation
-
-
-
10
Curd development and maturation
-
-
-
2.5

 

15.6.6 Aphids
Primarily the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae, and
the green peach aphid (GPA), Myzus persicae

See pictures of CA on cabbage/crucifers
See pictures of CA life cycle

See pictures of GPA on cabbage/crucifers
See pictures of GPA life cycle

Organic cabbage aphid management for crucifers

Time for concern: June 15 through harvest
Key Characteristics: Cabbage aphids are grayish green, but often appear bluish white because of their waxy coating. They range from 1/32 to 1/16 inch in length. Green peach aphids are green, pink, red, or dark brown with wings. They are also between 1/32 and 1/16 inch long. Heavy infestations cause the leaves to turn yellow and curl. Plant growth may also be stunted. See Reference 11.

Management Option Recommendation
Scouting/thresholds Examine plants at a minimum of ten randomly selected sites throughout the field. For five acres or less, examine two plants per site (20 plants total); for five to 25 acres, examine four plants per site (40 plants total); for each additional five acres, examine four plants at an additional site. Thresholds: treat when a localized infestation is found.
Resistant varieties No resistant varieties are available, but savoy cabbage shows the lowest level of tolerance to aphids.
Natural enemies

Naturally occurring predators, parasitoids, and pathogens help suppress aphid populations and increases in aphid infestationsare sometimes associated with applications of insecticides that have killed natural enemies. Use Reference 6 or www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/ for identification of natural enemies. cabbage aphid: Geocoris spp., Coleomegilla maculata lengi, Hippodamia convergens, Chrysoperla, Diaeretiella rapae, Praon aguti, Praon occidentale, Aphidoletes aphiimyza, Cycloneda munda, Green Peach aphid: Coleomegilla maculata lengi, Hippodamia convergens, Coccinella septempunctata, Cocinella tranversogutatta, Cycloneda munda, Hippodamia variegata, Aphidoletes aphiimyza, Aphidius matricariae, Diaeretiella rapae, Praon aguti, Praon occidentale, Ephedrus incompletus, Lysephlebus testaceipes, Aphelinus semiflavus, Pandora neoaphidis.

Michigan State site "Enhancing Beneficial Insects with Native Plants"

ATTRA publication: "Farmscaping to enhance biological control"
Note(s) Aphid populations can increase rapidly during hot weaqther or decline rapidly during periods of heavy rainfall.
Mulches Reflective foil mulches may slow down colonization of plants by winged aphids.
Postharvest Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible after harvest.
Sanitation Destroy weeds around the field.
Insecticide Resistance Management

A classification of insecticides based on their mode of action is available in pdf format. This guide can be used to help avoid or delay the development of insecticide resistance, as well as manage populations that have developed resistance to a particular insecticide. It is a large file - 97 page, 780k pdf file 

Shelton, A.M., W.T. Wilsey, and D. M. Soderlund. 2001. Classification of insecticides and acaracides for resistance management.
Crop rotation and
Site selection 		These are not currently viable management options.

Compound(s)

Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides
In the "Field Use EIQ" column is the range of EIQ (Environmental Impact Quotient) values for the rate range recommended for each pesticide (lower EIQ = lower environmental impact). Other pesticide risk models are useful for specific purposes. WIN-PST is required for some USDA NRCS conservation plans.

Common name
Trade Name 

 Rate/A
Product 		 PHI
(days)		 REI
(hours)		 Field
Use EIQ 		 Comments
acephate          

Orthene 97 or OLP
0.97 lb/lb

8.0 - 16.o oz

14

24

12.1-24.2

For green peach aphid control only.  For use ONLY on Brussels sprouts and cauliflower. Do not use more than 2.1 lbs of product per acre per season.

acetamiprid
Assail 30SG
0.3 lb/lb
2.0-3.0 oz
7
12
1.1-1.6
  
flonicamid

Beleaf 50SG
0.5 lb/lb

2.0-2.8 oz/acre
0
12
0.5-0.8
 Do not apply more than 3 applications at the 2.8 oz rate. .
imidacloprid
*Admire Pro
Systemic Protectant
4.6lb/gal
4.4-10.5 fl oz
21
12
4.3-10.3
 Soil application only. See label for details.
imidacloprid + cyfluthrin

*Leverage 2.7
2.7 lbs/gal

3.8  fl oz

7
12
2.6
Maximum per season is 19.2 fl oz
oxydemeton-methyl
1.5-3 pt
See comments
168 (7 days)
28.1-56.3
 For use against cabbage aphids. Do not exceed 3 applications per season on cabbage and Brussels sprouts and 2 applications per season on broccoli and cauliflower. Systemic activity occurs within the plant. PHI for broccoli ,cauliflower, and cabbage is 7 days. PHI for Brussels sprouts is 10 days.
pymetrozine
Fulfill
0.5  lb/lb
2.75 oz
0
12
1.7
Apply when aphids first appear but before populations build to damaging levels. Do not exceed 5.5 oz/A per season. Allow 7 days between applications.
spirotetramat
Movento
2  lb/gal
4-5 fl oz
1
24
2.0-2.5
Do not apply more than 10 fl oz/A per season.  Allow 7 days between applications.
thiamethoxam

*†Platinum 75SG

0.75 lb/lb 		1.66-3.67 oz 30 12 2.6-5.7  For soil application only.

*†Actara

0.25 lb/lb 		1.5-3.0 oz See comments 12 0.8-1.6 For foliar application only.  PHI for head and stem Brassica is 0 days; for leafy Brassica greens is 7 days.
* Restricted use pesticide.
† Not for use in Nassau/Suffolk Counties.

See a report of 2001 efficacy trials for OMRI approved (organically approved) materials for cabbage aphids

Check NYS PIMS (Product, Ingredient, and Manufacturer System) to see if the label is current for New York. SPECIAL NEW YORK RESTRICTIONS MAY APPLY. (http://pims.psur.cornell.edu/)

 

15.6.7 Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci

See Cornell fact sheet on OT
See pictures of OT on cabbage/crucifers
See pictures of OT life cycle

Organic onion thrips management for crucifers

Time for concern: Precupping through harvest
Key characteristics: Onion thrips vary in color from white to yellow or brown, are 1/16 inch in length, and move rapidly. They cause rough, bronzed areas on leaves. See References 1 and 12.

Management Option Recommendation
Scouting/thresholds Scout fields weekly. Examine plants at a minimum of ten randomly selected sites throughout the field. For five acres or less, examine two plants per site (20 total plants); for five to 25 acres, examine four plants per site (40 plants total); for each additional five acres, examine four plants at an additional site. Varieties have different susceptibilities and should be scouted separately. Threshold: 20 percent of the plants infested.
Resistant varieties

The primary method of controlling thrips should be the use of tolerant varieties. Even tolerant varieties may be injured during hot, dry summers. However, their injury will be far less than on more susceptible varieties. Information on the susceptibility of many varieties has been collected by Tony Shelton, Christy Hoepting and others and should be used as a guide in selecting more thrips tolerant varieties. 

See Cornell Report: Breeding and Characterization of Thrips Resistance in Cabbage
Natural enemies

The effects of natural enemies on thrips populations on cabbage is not well understood. Neoseiulus cucumeris, Neoseiulus barkeri, Verticillium lecanii

Michigan State site "Enhancing Beneficial Insects with Native Plants"

ATTRA publication: "Farmscaping to enhance biological control"
Note(s) Thrips populations will be highest during hot, dry summers. Harvesting cabbage prior to its full maturity will decrease the amount of thrips injury that would noramlly occur. This can be a useful management strategy especially on very susceptible varieties.
Site selection Onion thrips move from small grains to cabbage fields when the grain fields are harvested. Thrips sensitive varieties should not be planted near these fields.
Insecticide Resistance Management

A classification of insecticides based on their mode of action is available in pdf format. This guide can be used to help avoid or delay the development of insecticide resistance, as well as manage populations that have developed resistance to a particular insecticide. It is a large file - 97 page, 780k pdf file 

Shelton, A.M., W.T. Wilsey, and D. M. Soderlund. 2001. Classification of insecticides and acaracides for resistance management.
Planting Thrips damage in some early storage varieties (100-115 days) may be reduced when transplants are planted in late June or early July.
Crop rotation, Postharvest, and Sanitation These are not currently viable management options.
NOTE:  Our research has indicated that the most effective method for control of thrips on susceptible cabbage is to use a sidedress of imidacloprid 4-6 weeds after transplanting.  It may be necessary to follow up with foliar sprays of another insecticide from head formation until harvest. However, the least expensive and most effective control, is to use more tolerant varieties whenever possible.

Compound(s)

Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides
In the "Field Use EIQ" column is the range of EIQ (Environmental Impact Quotient) values for the rate range recommended for each pesticide (lower EIQ = lower environmental impact). Other pesticide risk models are useful for specific purposes. WIN-PST is required for some USDA NRCS conservation plans.

Common name
Trade Name 		 Rate/A
Product 		 PHI
(days)		 REI
(hours)		 Field
Use EIQ 		 Comments
acetamiprid
Assail 30SG
0.3 lb/lb
4 oz
7
12
2.2
 In the last few years, Assail has provided very good control in research trials in NY.
beta-cyfluthrin
*Baythroid XL
1 lb/gal
0.8-1.6 fl oz
0
12
0.2-0.4
 
bifenthrin
*∆Brigade
or OLP
2  lb/gal
2.1-6.4 fl oz
7
12
1.5-4.5
bifentrhin + zeta-cypermethrin

*Hero
1.24 lb/gal

10.3 fl oz

7
12
4.1
  
esfenvalerate
*Asana XL
0.66 lb/gal
5.8-9.6 fl oz
3
12
1.2-2.0
 2(ee) recommendation supported by quantitative efficacy data. Not for use on Brussels sprouts.
imidacloprid

*Admire Pro
Systemic Protectant
4.6lb/gal

 
4.4-10.5 fl oz
21
12
4.3-10.3

Other formulations are also available, but check label to make sure they include thrips.

Apply before or at first sidedressing 4 to 6 weeks after planting.

Higher rates will provide longer control.  Under heavy pressure, supplemental sprays will be needed during the last third of the growing season.  Imidacloprid will also control swede midge and aphids, but not caterpillars.

imidacloprid + cyfluthrin

*Leverage 2.7
2.7 lbs/gal

3.8  fl oz

7
12
2.6
Maximum per season is 19.2 fl oz
lambda-cyhalothrin

*Warrior II with Zeon Technology or OLP

2.08 lbs/gal 		1.28-1.92 fl oz 1 24 0.8-1.2  
lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam

*†∆ Endigo ZC

2.06 lbs/gal 		4.5 fl oz 1 24 13.0  
oxydemeton-methyl
1.5-3 pt
7
168 (7 days)
28.1-56.3
 Labeled for thrips on cabbage. No more than 3 applications.
spinetoram

Radiant SC
1 lb/gal

6-10 fl oz
1
4
1.2-2.0
 Do not apply more than 34 fl oz/A/crop.
spinosad

Entrust SC
0.2 lb/gal

4-10 fl oz
1
4
0.8-2.0
 Do not apply more than 29 fl oz/A/crop.  Do not make more than 6 applications per calendar year.
spirotetramat
Movento
2  lb/gal
4-5 fl oz
1
24
2.0-2.5
SUPPRESSION ONLY.  Do not apply more than 10 fl oz/A/crop.  Allow 7 days between applications.
thiamethoxam

*†Platinum 75SG

0.75 lb/lb 		1.66-3.67 oz 30 12 2.6-5.7  For soil application only.
zeta-cypermethrin
*Mustang MAX
0.8 lb/gal 		3.2-4 fl oz 1 12
0.5-0.9

Swede Midge Information Center for the United States

2006 Cornell Report: Management of Swede Midge with Cultural Controls and Selected Insecticides

Time for Concern: May 15 through September 30

Key Characteristics:Adults are tiny(1.5-2mm) light brown flies indistignuishable from many other midges except by a specialist. Females lay clusters of microscopic eggs in the growing tip of young plants or shoots. Larvae are small maggots initially about 0.3 mm in length before reaching their final size of 3-4 mm They are lemon yellow at maturity. Larval feeding results in leaf and flower galls and a mishapen growing point of the plant. The growing tip of the plant may become distorted and produce several growing tips or none at all, young leaves may become swollen, crinkled or crumpled and brown scarring may be seen on the leaf petioles or stems. For the most current information on swede midge management (including insecticides and fact sheets) , see http://web.entomology.cornell.edu/shelton/swede-midge/.

Management Option Recommendation
Scouting/thresholds

Swede midge (SM)injury is difficult to diagnose because there are similar abnormalities that can be caused by other factors including mechanical injury, insect and animal feeding, nutrient deficiencies, herbicide injury or heat or cold stress. To confirm injury is due to SM feeding, the larvae should be dissected from the plant tissue. To scout, carefully examine young plants for unusual growth habits. The main growing point and any side shoots should be examined for damage and larvae. Brown, corky scarring is the key indication of the insect’s feeding activity. In cabbage, it is easiest to find larvae prior to head development. Injury most commonly occurs at the borders of the field, especially near sheltered areas such as tree lines, so special attention should be paid to those areas. Plant parts suspected of infestation can be examined with a hand lens for the presence of larvae. Placing the growing tips in vials of alcohol or in plastic bags in the sun will force the larvae out of the tissue. No thresholds have been established.

See Cornell report on 2002 survey for Swede midge

Crop rotation By the end of one field season, one pair of adult SM can result in approximately 86,000 larvae. The larvae will then over-winter in the soil and emerge next spring, resulting in more than 3 million larvae feeding on plants in the first generation. This life cycle means crop rotation should be one of the most important management tools for growers. SM may survive in the soil for 2 or more years; therefore, a crop rotation that does not include crucifer crops is essential. How far away does the field need to be? No one can be sure, but far enough (~ 1 to 2 km) to prevent the possibility of SM being carried into the field by a light wind. Without a host crop, the SM female will not be able to find a place to lay her eggs in her short 3-4 day life span. Planting in isolated areas, up from prevailing winds may help decrease the chance of spread.
Resistant varieties Broccoli and gai lan (Chinese broccoli) are the most susceptible crops. Based on research in Canada, Paragon broccoli consistently sustains high levels of swede midge damage. Eureka and Packman are also quite susceptible. Cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, Chinese cabbage, and red cabbage are also highly susceptible. Green cabbage appears somewhat less susceptible, but heavy infestations can cause severe damage.
Site selection Avoid planting in sheltered areas such as near trees, hedgerows, and buildings. Swede midge also prefer moist soils.
Planting and harvest dates Planting only early season crucifer crops is another control strategy to reduce damage levels and population growth. The amount of damage is directly related to the plant growth stage at the time of attack. The younger the plant the more severe the damage. As plants grow, damage becomes more evident. The first emergence of SM occurs at the end of May – beginning of June. Damage to early plantings will be less severe than to late plantings because the plant development will be advanced by mid-July when high populations occur. Harvesting of early season crucifers begins in July, which minimizes the amount of damage to the crop. Avoidance of late season crops will also help to reduce the size of the overwintering population in your fields. This strategy will not work for long season crucifer crops like Brussels sprouts.
Sanitation Control cruciferous weed species such as wild mustard, shepherd’s purse, pennycress and wild radish because they are hosts to swede midge. Deep plowing of infested crop residue will help interrupt the insect’s life cycle.

Compound(s)

Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides
In the "Field Use EIQ" column is the range of EIQ (Environmental Impact Quotient) values for the rate range recommended for each pesticide (lower EIQ = lower environmental impact). Other pesticide risk models are useful for specific purposes. WIN-PST is required for some USDA NRCS conservation plans.

Common name
Trade Name 		 Rate/A
Product 		 PHI
(days)		 REI
(hours)		 Field
Use EIQ 		 Comments
acetamiprid
Assail 30SG
0.3 lb/lb
4 oz
7
12
2.2
 Apply in a minimum finished spray volume of 5 gal/A by air or 20 gal/A by ground. No thresholds have been developed. If swede midge has been found in your area, apply as a preventative application to control the first generation. Preventative applications will decrease the chance of quick population increases later in the season. Do not make more than 5 applications per season. Do not apply more than once every 7 days. Do not exceed a total of 0.375 1b. A.I. . (20.0  oz of Assail 30 SG) per acre per season, including any pre-transplant applications of acetamiprid.
chlorpyriphos

Lorsban 75WG

0.7 lb/lb
0.67-1.33 lb
21
24
72 for cauliflower
21.9-43.4
2ee recommendation. Do not make more than 3 applications of Lorsban to the crop. Do not make a second application of Lorsban 75 WG or other product containing chlorpyrifos within 10 days of the first application.
imidacloprid
*Admire Pro Systemic Protectant
4.6lb/gal
4.4-10.5 fl oz
21
12
4.3-10.3
 2(ee) recommendation. Application should be made soon after transplanting and supplemental sprays may be needed after 3-4 weeks.
lambda-cyhalothrin

*Warrior II with Zeon Technology or OLF

2.08 lbs/gal 		2.56-3.84 fl oz 1 24 1.6-2.4 2(ee) recommendation. Ensure that good coverage of all leaf surfaces is made.
spirotetramat
Movento
2  lb/gal
4-5 fl oz
1
24
2.0-2.5
Do not apply more than 10 fl oz/acre/season. Allow 7 days between applications.

15.6.9 Slugs

See pictures of slug life cycle

See pictures of slug damage

Time of concern: Early spring and fall

Key characteristics: Adult slugs are between one and two inches in length. Slugs can overwinter at any stage of development. Although slugs cannot survive prolonged subzero temperatures or desiccation, the burrows of small mammals and worms provide insulation. Slugs begin to move, hatch, feed, and lay eggs in the spring when temperatures are consistently above 40°F. There is often little or no slug activity in the field during periods of dry weather; however, there may be extensive feeding in damp areas.

Management Option Recommendation
Scouting/thresholds Record the occurance and severity of slug damage. No thresholds have been established.
Resistant varieties No resistant varieties are available.
Site selection/ planting, Crop rotation
Postharvest, and
Sanitation		 These are not currently viable management options.

Compound(s)

Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides
In the "Field Use EIQ" column is the range of EIQ (Environmental Impact Quotient) values for the rate range recommended for each pesticide (lower EIQ = lower environmental impact). Other pesticide risk models are useful for specific purposes.WIN-PSTis required for some USDA NRCS conservation plans.

Common name
Trade Name

Rate/A
Product
PHI
(days)

REI
(hours)

Field
Use EIQ
Comments
metaldehyde
20-40 lbs

 
-
12
 

Check NYS PIMS (Product, Ingredient, and Manufacturer System) to see if the label is current for New York. SPECIAL NEW YORK RESTRICTIONS MAY APPLY. (http://pims.psur.cornell.edu/)

15.7 Weed Management

Key characteristics: Weed fact sheets provide a good reference for common weed identification. See Reference 5. Also, see

Virginia Tech Weed Identification Guide.

Cornell Weed Ecology and Management Laboratory website

Ontario, Canada weed identification gallery

Penn State Weed Fact Sheets

SARE Publication: "A Whole-Farm Approach to Managing Pests"

See "A Checklist of Major Weeds and Crops as Natural Hosts for Plant Viruses in the Northeast"

Management Option Recommendation
Scouting/thresholds

Weeds may be unevenly distributed over a field. Localized areas of severe weed infestations or atypical conditions such as poorly drained areas, high spots, and field edges, may be recorded on a weed map. A weed map should be on file for each field. Make a rough sketch of the field, including landmarks, boundaries, crop row direction, compass directions, roads, planting date, date of map preparation, and any other important details. The following information should be indicated on the map: weed species, weed size, density of each species, and distribution of weeds.

Scout fields two to three weeks after direct seeding/transplanting to evaluate the success of the current season's program and at or near harvest to help predict weed control practices that will be necessary for the following year.

Cornell Weed Assessment List (scouting form)

Manitoba, Canada weed scouting guide
Site selection Refer to weed maps to avoid problem weeds when choosing fields for cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts.
Cultivation

Cultivation should be routinely performed in conjunction with any sidedressed nitrogen application. Some cultivation equipment provides superior control of weeds for longer periods when compared to traditional equipment. See Cornell fact sheet on mechanical weed control.


SARE Publication: "Steel in the Field"
Banding herbicides Banding of herbicides at planting is not useful in cabbage production due to relative numbers of registered products and their narrow weed control spectra.
Cover Crops, Weed Seed Bank Assessment

See report on using buckwheat as a weed control cover crop

See report on estimating weed seed banks

SARE publication: "Managing Cover Crops Profitably"

Cornell cover crop decision tool

Cornell Forage Species Selection Tool

Compound(s)

Comparing Environmental Risks of Pesticides
In the "Field Use EIQ" column is the range of EIQ (Environmental Impact Quotient) values for the rate range recommended for each pesticide (lower EIQ = lower environmental impact). Other pesticide risk models are useful for specific purposes. WIN-PST is required for some USDA NRCS conservation plans.

Compounds: (Listed from earliest to latest application timing.)
TIMING KEY: PPI = pre-plant incorporated; PreE = pre-emergent; PreT: pre-transplant; PostT: post-transplant; PostE = post-emergence
Timing
   
PPI
PreE
PreT
PostT
PostE
PRODUCT NAME (active ingredient, weight of active per unit of herbicide)
Notes
X
Treflan HFP (trifluralin, 4 lb/gal)
Weeds Controlled:
annual grasses except galinsoga, some broadleaves, ragweed, mustard, and shepard’s purse
Rates (per acre):
0.5-1.0 qt
AI per acre (lbs/acre):
0.5-1.0
PHI (days):
 
REI (hours):
12
Field Use EIQ:
8.1-16.2
Comments:
Treflan is not effective on galinsoga, ragweed, mustard, and shepherd’s purse. For seeded crops, use the low rate on sandy soils. For transplants on silty soils, increase the rate to 1qt. Caution: Treflan applied after June 15 may affect fall-seeded grains and corn.
   
Timing
   
PPI
PreE
PreT
PostT
PostE
PRODUCT NAME (active ingredient, weight of active per unit of herbicide)
Notes
X
X
Prefar 4-E (bensulide, 4 lb/gal)
Weeds Controlled:
annual grasses, redroot pigweed, and common lambsquarters
Rates (per acre):
5-6 qt
AI per acre (lbs/acre):
5-6
PHI (days):
 
REI (hours):
12
Field Use EIQ:
119.6-143.5
Comments:
Registrations include Chinese broccoli, broccoli raab, cavalo broccoli, collards, Chinese cabbage (all types), and Chinese mustard. Crop rotation restrictions for nonlabeled crops is 120 days.
   
Timing
   
PPI
PreE
PreT
PostT
PostE
PRODUCT NAME (active ingredient, weight of active per unit of herbicide)
Note
X
X
Devrinol 50-DF (napropamide, 0.5 lb/lb)
Weeds Controlled:
annual grasses, redroot pigweed, and common lambsquarters
Rates (per acre):
2 lb
AI per acre (lbs/acre):
1
PHI (days):
 
REI (hours):
24
Field Use EIQ:
12.6
Comments
May be applied PPI (shallow) or preemergence after planting. The latter application is most effective with irrigation. Crop rotation restriction for nonlabeled crops is 12 months. May be used with both direct-seeded and transplanted crops.
   
Timing
   
PPI
PreE
PreT
PostT
PostE
PRODUCT NAME (active ingredient, weight of active per unit of herbicide)
Note
X
Command 3ME  (clomazone, 3 lb/gal)
Weeds Controlled:
annual grasses and selected broadleaf weeds( e.g. velvetleaf)
Rates (per acre):
Direct seeded: 0.67 pt; Transplant: 0.67-1.3 pt
AI per acre (lbs/acre):
Direct seeded: 0.25; Transplant: 0.25-0.5
PHI (days):
45
REI (hours):
12
Field Use EIQ:
4.1-8.0
Comments
Labeled for use on cabbage only. Apply only as a preemergent soil applied treatment prior to seeding or transplanting or after seeding but prior to crop emergence. Place seed or roots of transplants below the chemical barrier when planting. Residual carryover of Command 3ME may injure fall-planted wheat or rye crops. See label for additional rotational restrictions.
   
Timing
   
PPI
PreE
PreT
PostT
PostE
PRODUCT NAME (active ingredient, weight of active per unit of herbicide)
Note
X
Goal 2XL (oxyfluorfen, 2 lb/gal)
Weeds Controlled:
carpetweed, redroot pigweed, common purslane, Pennsylvania smartweed, hairy galinsoga, common lambsquarters, and wild mustard
Rates (per acre):
1-2 pt
AI per acre (lbs/acre):
0.25-0.5
PHI (days):
 
REI (hours):
24
Field Use EIQ:
7.5-15.1
Comments:
For transplants, apply prior to planting. Not labeled on direct seeded crops. Transitory crop injury has been observed. Read the label carefully regarding transplant size and age to minimize the risk of injury.
   
Timing
   
PPI
PreE
PreT
PostT
PostE
PRODUCT NAME (active ingredient, weight of active per unit of herbicide)
Note
X
  Goaltender 4F (oxyfluorfen, 4 lb/gal)
Weeds Controlled:
carpetweed, redroot pigweed, common purslane, Pennsylvania smartweed, hairy galinsoga, common lambsquarters, and wild mustard
Rates (per acre):
0.5-1 pt
AI per acre (lbs/acre):
0.25-0.5
PHI (days):
 
REI (hours):
24
Field Use EIQ:
6.9-13.9
Comments:
For transplants, apply prior to planting. Not labeled on direct seeded crops. Transitory crop injury has been observed. Read the label carefully regarding transplant size and age to minimize the risk of injury.
   
Timing
   
PPI
PreE
PreT
PostT
PostE
PRODUCT NAME (active ingredient, weight of active per unit of herbicide)
Notes
X
X
X
X
 *†Dual Magnum   (s-metolachlor, 7.62 lb/gal)
Weeds Controlled:
Annual grasses, yellow nutsedge, galinsoga, nightshade species, and selected broadleaves, e.g. redroot pigweed
Rates (per acre):
Cabbage and broccoli: 0.5-1.3 pt; brassica leafy greens: 0.67-1.33pt
AI per acre (lbs/acre):
Cabbage and broccoli: 0.48-1.24; brassica leafy greens: 0.64-1.27
PHI (days):
Cabbage and broccoli: 50; brassica leafy greens: 30
REI (hours):
24
Field Use EIQ:
Cabbage and broccoli: 9.2-23.9; brassica leafy greens: 12.3-24.5.
Comments:
NOT FOR USE IN NASSAU/SUFFOLK COUNTIES.

Use on cabbage, broccoli, and brassica leafy greens under Special Local Need (SLN) labeling. This SLN registration requires indemnification due to a wider range of Dual Magnum rates and application methods than the federal Section 3 registration. Growers must have a copy of the SLN label in their possession and sign off on the indemnification if they choose to follow the recommendations in these guidelines. SLN indemnified labels and the indemnification agreement can be found by logging in at www.farmassist.com. (New users must create an account.) Once logged in, labels are available under the products menu at the top of the screen under “Indemnified Labels.” If difficulties are encountered in using the website, click the support link at the top of the FarmAssist web page to contact Syngenta.

Cabbage and broccoli: May be applied pretransplant surface (not incorporated) or post-transplant within 48-72 hours, the latter is often less injurious. May also be applied post-plant to direct seeded cabbage or broccoli when the crop has at least 4 true leaves and following cultivation. Brassica leafy greens:SLN registration covers preemergent  and postemergence applications to brassica leafy greens including mustard greens, broccoli (raab), Chinese cabbage (bok choy), collards, kale, mizuna, mustard greens, mustard spinach, and rape greens. Preemergence applications are made after planting but prior to crop or weed emergence. Postemergence applications are made when the crop has at least 1 true leaf. Emerged weeds at this timing will need to be controlled by cultivation, other herbicides, or hand weeding.

 
   
Timing
    
PPI
PreE
PreT
PostT
PostE
 PRODUCT NAME (active ingredient, weight of active per unit of herbicide)
Notes
X
X
 Prowl H2O (pendimethalin, 3.8 lb/gal)
Weeds Controlled:
 annual grasses, pigweeds, purslane, common lambsquarters and suppression of velvetleaf
Rates (per acre):
 1 to 2.1 pts depending on soil texture.
AI per acre (lbs/acre):
 0.4 – 1.0
PHI (days):
 broccoli: 60 days; cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts: 70 days
REI (hours):
 24
Field Use EIQ:
 11.7-24.5
Comments:
 Apply as a postemergence-directed application between rows to transplanted or established direct-seeded broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, or cauliflower. Apply to 2-leaf to 4-leaf transplants 1 to3 days after transplanting or to 2-leaf to 4-leaf stage of direct-seeded vegetables. Emerged weeds will not be controlled by these applications.
   
Timing
   
PPI
PreE
PreT
PostT
PostE
PRODUCT NAME (active ingredient, weight of active per unit of herbicide)
Notes
X
 *Select Max (clethodim, .97lb/gal)
Weeds Controlled:
annual and perennial grasses
Rates (per acre):
12-16 fl. oz.
AI per acre (lbs/acre):
0.091-0.12
PHI (days):
30
REI (hours):
24
Field Use EIQ:
1.6-2.1
Comments:
Registration also includes mustard greens, broccoli raab, Chinese cabbage (bok choy), collards, kale, mustard greens, mustard spinach, and rape greens. For control of numerous annual and perennial grasses. DO NOT apply more than 0.5 lb ai per acre per season. Application on LONG ISLAND is restricted to no more than 0.25 lb ai per acre per season. Always use only 0.25% v/v non-ionic surfactant (NIS) with *Select Max.
   
Timing
   
PPI
PreE
PreT
PostT
PostE
PRODUCT NAME (active ingredient, weight of active per unit of herbicide)
Notes
X
 *†Stinger 3EC (clopyralid, 3 lb/gal)
Weeds Controlled:
Galinsoga, wild buckwheat, ragweed, and smartweed
Rates (per acre):
0.25-0.5 pt
AI per acre (lbs/acre):
0.094-0.188
PHI (days):
30
REI (hours):
12
Field Use EIQ:
1.9-3.7
Comments:
Label also allows use on brassica leafy greens including mustard greens, broccoli raab, Chinese cabbage (bok choy), collards, kale, mustard greens, mustard spinach, and rape greens. In NYS, the maximum application rate is 2/3 pt/acre/growing season.
   
Timing
   
PPI
PreE
PreT
PostT
PostE
PRODUCT NAME (active ingredient, weight of active per unit of herbicide)
Notes
X
 Goaltender 4F (oxyfluorfen, 4 lb/gal)
Weeds Controlled:
common groundsel, lambsquarters, pigweed spp., common purslane, shepherdspurse, annual sowthistle
Rates (per acre):
broadcast: 4-6 fl. oz.; directed to base of plants: 4-8 fl. oz.
AI per acre (lbs/acre):
broadcast: 0.125-0.188.; directed to base of plants:0.125-0.25
PHI (days):
35
REI (hours):
24
Field Use EIQ:
broadcast:3.5-5.2; directed to base of plants: 3.5-6.9
Comments:
24(c) special local needs registration. For direct-seeded crops the plants must have a minimum of 4 leaves at the time of application. For transplanted crops applications may not be made until a minimum of two weeks after transplanting. Do not use with surfactants, adjuvants, liquid fertilizers, or other pesticides.
   
Timing
   
PPI
PreE
PreT
PostT
PostE
PRODUCT NAME (active ingredient, weight of active per unit of herbicide)
Notes
X
 Poast (sethoxydim, 1.5 lb/gal)
Weeds Controlled:
annual grasses
Rates (per acre):
1-1.5 pt 0.188-0.28
AI per acre (lbs/acre):
 
PHI (days):
30
REI (hours):
12
Field Use EIQ:
3.8-5.6
Comments:
Apply with 2 pts oil concentrate per acre when annual grasses are actively growing and not under stress.
   
Timing
   
PPI
PreE
PreT
PostT
PostE
PRODUCT NAME (active ingredient, weight of active per unit of herbicide)
Notes
X
 Aim EC (carfentrazone, 2 lb/gal)
Weeds Controlled:
 
Rates (per acre):
0.8-1.6 fl. oz.
AI per acre (lbs/acre):
0.012-0.025
PHI (days):
 
REI (hours):
12
Field Use EIQ:
0.2-0.5
Comments:
MAY BE USED ONLY AS A HOODED, ROW MIDDLE APPLICATION. Sprayers must be designed to prevent ANY contact with the crop and may not be operated at more than 5 MPH. Special care must be taken when operating on uneven ground. See product label for additional precautions.
   

References

  1. Petzoldt, C. H., and C. Koplinka-Loehr, eds. 1991. A Grower s Guide to Cabbage Pest Management in New York. IPM Publication 101b, 4th edition. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.
  2. Petoseed Co. Inc. 1994. Crucifer Diseases: A Practical Guide for Seedsmen, Growers, and Agricultural Advisors. Petoseed Co. Inc. P.O. Box 4206, Saticoy, CA 93007.
  3. McGrath, M. T. 1994. Black rot of crucifers, p. 730.40. In Vegetable Crops: Diseases of Crucifers. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.
  4. Dillard, H. R. 1987. Sclerotinia rot of cabbage, p. 730.30. In Vegetable Crops: Diseases of Crucifers. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.
  5. Pennsylvania State University. 1987. Weed identification, pp. 1-32. Pennsylvania State University Cooperative Extension, University Park.
  6. Hoffmann, M. P., and A. C. Frodsham. 1993. Natural Enemies of Vegetable Insect Pests. Cornell Cooperative Extension. 64 pp.
  7. Andaloro, J. T., and P. B. Baker. 1983. Diamondback moth, p. 751.20. In Vegetable Crops: Insects of Crucifers. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.
  8. Shelton, A. M., and J. T. Andaloro. 1981. Imported cabbageworm, p. 751.10. In Vegetable Crops: Insects of Crucifers. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.
  9. Chapman, P. J., and S. E. Lienk. 1981. Flight periods of adults of cutworms, armyworms, loopers, and others. Search: Agriculture Number 14. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.
  10. Andaloro, J. T., and A. M. Shelton. 1981. Cabbage looper, p. 751.00. In Vegetable Crops: Insects of Crucifers. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.
  11. Foster, R. and B. Flood, eds. 1995. Vegetable Insect Management: With Emphasis on the Midwest. Meister, Willoughby, Ohio.
  12. Andaloro, J. T., and A. M. Shelton. 1983. Onion thrips, p. 750.75. In Vegetable Crops: Insects of Onions and Cabbages. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.
World Wide Web Sites:
 

Cornell Vegetables

Cornell High Tunnels program

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: A Guide to Natural Enemies in North America:
http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/

IPM Vegetable Fact Sheets:
http://nysipm.cornell.edu/factsheets/vegetables/default.asp

Pests in the Northeastern United States
http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/factsheets

Plant Disease Diagnosis Clinic:
http://PlantClinic.cornell.edu

Vegetable MD Online:
http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/Home.htm

Measuring Environmental Impact of Pesiticides:
http://nysipm.cornell.edu/publications/eiq/default.asp

The Northeastern Pest Management Center has links to information on IPM in the northeast and throughout the US

Cornell Soil Health website and manual

USDA Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Publications (SARE)

Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas (ATTRA): http://www.attra.org/

Cornell Small Farms Program

Take on-line courses in IPM for pesticide recertification credits

 
Next chapter
Carrots

Maintained by Curtis Petzoldt, New York State IPM Program.
Last modified November 15, 2012.